Biology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How does hip hop music affect black youth Essay

How does hip jump music influence dark youth - Essay Example Music turned into the unmistakably recognizable image of African music culture profoundly established in African convention. Early types of African music represented the assurance of the ages to safeguard a rich assortment amassed since the beginning. The assortment of music showed the assurance of Africans to endure the states of the foundational social, mental, and affordable mistreatment push onto them. Music gave a documentation of an inheritance of battle. The bunch of music class berthed from the beginning of time proceed in the convention, exhibiting the significances of music in African culture. Aggregate Struggle Through Music Perhaps generally apparent since the commencement of dark music is the nearness of battle. In music, battle is confirm as prove as the social states of the individuals. In Blacks music, battle surfaces as the states of monetary abuse, prejudice, social and sex mediocrity, brutality, obliteration, and despondency (Taylor, 1997). Music gives social and m ental food and enthusiastic satisfaction amidst the battle (Rose, 1999). Apparent is a mutual, major ongoing idea: the music sort gives social distinguishing proof and gathering solidarity for the individual devotees. Music permits the people in battles to share thoughts, qualities, and conviction (Titon, 1984; Rose, 1999). For bunches hushed by standard imperatives, music renders an amazing voice. Music is utilized to provide reason to feel ambiguous about the cognizance of issues innate in the standard relationship to the dark network (i.e., treachery, preference, and persecution; Rose, 1999). Of additional proof is the adolescent effect on the development of dark music structures. Dark youth have truly attempted to defeat cultural... This How does hip jump music influence dark youth? diagrams the association between tuning in to hip-bounce music and adolescents conduct. Rap is a fundamental part of the African oral and melodic conventions. Rap specialists have risen as the cutting edge speakers, the present-day Black symbols (Rose, 1999). The peaceful anarchistic talk of 1960s, has been traded by the ground-breaking resistant, despise driven, forceful, mutinous talk of rap symbols, which give happiness to the 1990s age of Black youth (Rose, 1999). This regularly insubordinate talk addresses the social, mental, financial, political, instructive, and social conditions and difficulties of the present youth. In particular, rap created because of youth endeavors to arrange the regularly unfriendly states of their natural environmental factors. The expressive pictures in rap music give a realistic and hypnotizing portrayal of the social states of the specialists and the young who grasp the music. The verses, conveyed in an unequivocal and contentious way, look to catch the severities of urban life as adolescents experience and experience them consistently. The connectedness of the verses to the social states of the adolescent enchanted by the music invigorates an energetic grasp (Rose, 1999). The enchanted condition of the young lovers is suggestive of the intense state regularly shown during an enthusiastic strict encounter. Young people who drench themselves in the music and with such intensity epitomize the adolescent situated culture known as hip-jump.

How to Develop a Stress Reduction Plan That Works

How to Develop a Stress Reduction Plan That Works Stress Management Management Techniques Print How to Develop a Stress Reduction Plan That Works By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 24, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Absodels / Getty Images While the body’s physiological stress responseâ€"the fight or flight responseâ€"is virtually universal, the way that stress impacts us is as unique to each individual as the events that cause us stress in the first place. Simply put, we all respond to stressful events in our own way, and our responses to stress affect us in ways that are unique as well. Why is this? Stress Triggers We’re all affected differently by life’s events. While extreme events like a physical attack by a violent stranger or the diagnosis of a serious illness produce a strong stress response in virtually everyone, many everyday events on the job or at home will be experienced as stressful by some and exciting, challenging, or even exhilarating by others. What accounts for these differences? Past Experience: We all carry baggage, and that affects our current thought patterns and how we conceptualize what’s going on today. These thought patterns impact whether we see something as positive or negative, challenging or stressful, etc.Temperament and Personality Traits: Some of us are simply born more reactive to stress than others. Differences in temperament can be observed in infants as young as one day old, and these traits affect how we’re affected by lifeâ€"for life.Overall Lifestyle: Those who lead busy and stressful lives tend to have fewer reserves to help deal with stress. They also tend to encounter more triggers.Stress Symptoms: Some of us process stress differently, which can lead to certain coping skills being more effective or not effective at all.   Stress Response Differences How we respond to stress can alter the impact that stress has on us. While some people will deal with a stressful day by hitting the gym or hugging their children, other people may drink to excess or lash out at others. Additionally, some people find stress to be a minor inconvenience while others are completely overwhelmed. Dealing with stress in a healthier way tends to create resilience, of course; ineffective coping can increase the negative effects of stress. What accounts for the different ways people deal with stress? Physiological Factors: Just like some people are just born more emotionally reactive, some have more sensitive physiology and find that stress impacts their blood pressure, induces headaches, or causes other physical responses. Likewise, the way you care for your body in terms of a healthy diet, quality sleep, and regular exerciseâ€"or lack thereofâ€"can impact your reactivity to stress.Coping Techniques: We all have our different ways of coping with stress, and some of these techniques are healthier and more beneficial than others. If you find that yourself using alcohol, emotional eating, or responding to stress in other less-than-healthy ways, it’s time to find new ways of reducing stress. Over time, they’ll become automatic, and will replace your more unhealthy responses.Learned Behavior: How we respond to the stress in our lives is shaped by our early experiences and cemented over time. Our habits play a role as well. Those with healthy habits tend to handle stress more effe ctively. Protective Factors Certain features in your life can also keep you somewhat insulated from stress. Those with a supportive network of friends and other personal resources tend to be less affected by stress  and deal with their stress more efficiently. We can’t stop stressors from being a part of life (and we wouldn’t want to eliminate all stress, even if it were possible), which is why effective stress management focuses more on minimizing our triggers, altering our responses, and building up our resources and protective factors so that we’re less negatively impacted by stress. Because stress is such an individual experience, it’s important to have a stress relief plan that works for you. The following resources (as well as the links above) can help you to find ways to relieve stress that work best for your individual situation. You may want to quickly skim each resource and take away information that stands out to you, or focus more deeply on each resource and work on integrating the principles into your life in a more significant way. Stress Reliever Personality Test This stress reliever personality test will allow you to answer a few questions about your lifestyle and personality, and then direct you to stress relievers that may fit best for your particular situation. It’s a useful tool for those who want to begin with techniques that are most likely to work for them. Emergency Stress Relief Resources If you’re feeling overwhelmed and just want something to help you relieve stress quickly, review these methods for reversing your stress response right away, so you can more effectively deal with the issues at hand. (They can provide a nice ‘quick fix’ until you can get more long-term stress management strategies in place.)

Watching a Loved One Slip Away from Alzheimers Disease

When I was a child I watched as my grandfather passed away after battling with Alzheimers disease for more than fifteen years. During the time he was alive and I would visit him, I never understood why he was always in bed, and whenever I went to go see him he never remembered who I was. But after he died my mother attempted to explain to me that he was suffering from Alzheimers. The purpose of my paper is to gain a clearer comprehension of this horrible, debilitating disease that took my grandfather and countless other Americans away from their families. Alzheimers, the word strikes fear in some and an off-handed glance in others. The fact still remains that Alzheimer’s is an extremely shattering disease that removes the mind fraction by fraction over a period of time, this could even take decades. It begins as small memory lapses, slowly progressing to memory breaches but then progressively eroding your life to the point where around-the-clock care is the only option. With severe Alzheimers, as we almost hear daily that patients have wandered off and gotten lost. In my own life, my grandfather was not even able to recognize his family members. Alzheimers was a little known disease before 1960, but today it threatens to completely derail the health system in the United States. What is Alzheimer’s? Alzheimers disease is considered one of the many forms of age-related dementia. Previously the neurological community frequently referred toShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Rememberer By Aimie Bender758 Words   |  4 Pagesand care for Alzheimer’s disease patients. It exposes the overwhelming feelings of a woman, Annie, who witnesses her lover to get lost to the disease. What makes this story so timeless are the current statistics: according to the Alzheimer’s Association (https://www.alz.org/facts/), currently an estimated 5 million Americans have Alzheimer’s and 15 million Americans provide unpaid care for those people. Aimee Bender dramatically reveals the damaging effects of the Alzheimer’s disease on patients andRead MoreSymptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease2043 Words   |  9 Pagesthink one of the saddest day in my life was when I found out my father had Alzheimer’s disease. It took an emotional toll on me and my fami ly members. I believe Alzheimer is much harder on me and my loved ones than on my grandfather; because he was unaware of what was going on. It’s painful watching my grandfather degrade and get worse each and every day. The worst thing is that he doesn’t even know who I am anymore. In this paper I will discuss certain risk factors, background of Alzheimer’s, BackgroundRead MoreDementia Research Paper5756 Words   |  24 PagesUnderstanding Dementia and Alzheimers Disease Dealing with Dementia and the progression of Alzheimers disease through its three stages is often a daunting and distressing task. Most often relatives feel isolated and without help as if they were to be left alone, having no help to deal with the unknown. They are also afraid of having to watch their loved ones become more and more distant, potentially losing a horrible battle with this disease. In order to help with this fear of the unknownRead MoreThe Morality of Euthanasia Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesThe Morality of Euthanasia Technology has brought about drastic changes in the morality of today’s society. One organization it has greatly effected is the medical field. Few would argue with the fact that medical technology has greatly improved the quality of life. However, with doctors and other health care workers having the authority to contribute to both the patients’ well-being and inevitable death, society believes there should be limits to best serve the patient’s wishes. TheRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval

Concept of Price Elasticity of Demand

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Price Elasticity of Demand. Answer: The objective of this interview is to introduce and apply the concept of price elasticity of demand to analyse the differences in prices and quantity consumed of selected goods in India and Canada. The interview primarily focused on bringing out differences in transportation and consumption of rice and hence understanding the relation between price and quantity in the two geographies based on the respective responses. The information collected during the interview coupled with some external research has enabled to opine on the relative differences in the elasticity. The various questions asked in the interview are as follows. What was the transportation option that was most frequently used in your native country (India) as compared to the current scenario? One of the food items that were consumed in abundance by my partner was rice. How does the current situation differ in terms of consumption of rice and whether now you consume more and less? Also comment on the price difference of rice taking India and Canada. What differences in behaviour have you brought about due to the above? Based on the responses, it was apparent that while in India, the most often used transportation option in the city which my partner resided happened to be Metro rail. The reason of frequent use was on account of it being the cheapest mode of communication and also saving on the precious time wasted due to congestions. This was contradictory to private cars being the frequently used means as public transport tends to be inconvenient and time consuming. With regards to rice, the consumption of rice is lower in the current situation as compared to back home. This is primarily on account of higher price in Canada as compared to India. As a result, there is a search for substitutes particularly in the form of wheat flour coupled with higher intake of chicken. Besides, in the long term, my partner aims to have a personal car so as to avoid usage of public transport which is inefficient. Computation of Elasticity Mode of Communication The preferred communication medium used by my partner is Delhi metro. The last price hike was in 2012. Price per trip paid by my partner before increase = INR 20 Price per trip paid by my partner after increase = INR 28 Monthly trips at price per trip of 20 = 25 Monthly trips at price per trip of 28 = 23 % change in price = [(28-20)/20]*100 = 40% % change in demand = [(23-25)/25]*100 = -8% Hence, price elasticity of demand (PED) of metro service = -8/40 = -0.2 As the PED is significantly smaller than 1, it is apparent that the demand for metro services for my partner was highly inelastic (Nicholson and Snyder, 2011). Some of the potential explanations for the same are offered below (Mankiw, 2014). There are almost no cheaper alternatives available as the other means of transport are more expensive and comparatively are not as convenient as the metro journey. Besides, there is the problem of congestion on roads which makes the other modes less preferable and more harrowing. Additionally, the amount spent on metro services by my partner in a month is not very significant which further adds to a low elasticity as due to the price increase, he ends up paying about INR 400 more or less then $ 10. The above analysis would be in sharp contrast to public transport here as it is expected to be comparatively more elastic as people have low preference for the same and hence price increase would further dampen the demand (Campbell, 2011). Based on the inputs from my partner, the objective is to compute the PED of rice. Price of basmati rice in India = INR 60 per kg Price of basmati rice in Canada (Walmart) = $ 3 per kg = INR 150 per kg (Assuming a conversion rate of $ 1 = INR 50) Monthly consumption of rice in India = 12 kg Monthly consumption of rice in Canada = 5 kg Percentage change in price of rice = [(150-60)/60]*100 = 150% Percentage change in quantity demanded of rice = [(5-12)/12}*100 = - 58.3% Hence, PED of rice = -58.3/150 = 0.39 From the above, it is apparent that demand of rice for my partner is inelastic since PED is lower than 1 (Krugman and Wells, 2013). Some of the reasons attributed to inelasticity of rice are as follows (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2011). Food preferences are typically developed over a long period of time and hence changing them over the short period of time may be difficult. Additionally, rice is considered to be a staple food and hence adds to the inelasticity. However, availability of other food items particularly wheat at a lower price helps in increasing the PED. The fact that the total monthly spending on rice is only a small fraction of the budget also leads to the lower value of the PED. The long term implications of the above two are as follows. Considering that the public transport system in Canada is inefficient, hence it is convenient and recommended for saving time that personal car be brought especially when working. Further, the cheap prices of cars, fuel and flexible financing option also make cars a lucrative option. In terms of food preferences, over the long run, it is expected that food habits would show some inclination towards the articles which are cheaper and gradually their consumption would increase. Conclusion From the above analysis, it is fair to conclude that price elasticity of demand is a very useful concept with regards to developing an understanding of consumption choices. Besides, the price elasticity of demand tends to highly variable for products and essentially is driven by the nature of product (basic or luxury) and the availability of cheaper substitutes coupled with contribution to the overall budget. For both the products analysed above, considering that these are basic goods with limited availability of cheaper alternatives and low contribution to the budget, the PED essentially remains low on expected lines. References Campbell, W. (2011), Public Transit Viewed As 'Inconvenient', 12% Of Canadians Use It: StatsCan, Retrieved on December 6, 2016 from https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/08/24/public-transit-viewed-as-_n_934998.html Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2013), Microeconomics, London: Worth Publishers Mankiw, G. (2014), Microeconomics, London: Worth Publishers Nicholson, W. and Snyder, C. (2011), Fundamentals of Microeconomics, New York: Cengage Learning Pindyck, R. and Rubinfeld, D. 2011, Microeconomics, London: Prentice-Hall Publications

United States Federal Reserve System

The Federal Reserve System refers to the United States central bank which was established back in 1913. Most people prefer to call it fed, but this is in local slang language. Prior to its formation there were frequent financial set backs in the economy that were experienced from the year 1907.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on United States Federal Reserve System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fed was invented by the legislature as the solution to US financial problems. This paper focuses on the criticism that has been directed towards the Federal Reserve and tries to analyze the truth behind the allegations. The Federal Reserve has various obligations that include monitoring and controlling monetary institutions. Secondly, the reserve is responsible for sustaining the strength of the monetary system. Additionally, the Federal Reserve offers monetary services to the federal government, international foreign missions, and depository organizations. Furthermore, the Federal Reserve is also responsible of carrying out the financial policy of the US. According to Irwin (2010), the reserve is run by the Federal Reserve board and its members are selected by the president. However, the Federal Reserve is free from the president but again the decisions that regard it have to be verified by the congress. In ancient days there was acute shortage of money and that’s why the Federal Reserve was established to ensure that there is adequate currency revolving in the US economy. Besides, it would be risky if the banks were allowed to do their operations without being answerable to any body hence the Federal Reserve has a mandate of safeguarding the interests of the general public. Whenever an urgent situation occurs such as during the recent recession period when most organizations were exiting the markets, it is the Federal Reserve that came to the rescue of the US economy by offering subsidi es to the various organizations that were adversely affected by the recession. Before the subsidies were issued companies were retrenching their employees in large numbers. This recession was felt all over the world because it’s perceived that the US being a super power influences world economies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Federal Reserve supplies cash to monetary institutions so that the banks are able to offer loans to their clients while at the same time retaining their money in store. If the Federal Reserve declined to supply the funds to the depository units the banks would not be in a position to offer loans. The reserve has been experiencing a lot of pressure because most people feel that its activities are not transparent. This is because some financial organizations have been permitted to posses stocks in the money market and thus it implies that i ts biased owing to the fact that majority of these banks are privately owned. It would have been better if the public owned banks were also given the same opportunity hence this behavior results in unfair competition. One of the issues that have been raising eyebrows is the party that possesses the Federal Reserve, because according to the act of Federal Reserve it’s not possessed by the federal government hence most people have found the statement that is printed on the notes to be confusing. Moreover, the term reserve does not make sense because in reality the Federal Reserve has very little cash in store because most of its cash is in form of metals. One wonders how such a reserve exists because you can not offer what you lack. There is no way a reserve can be able to circulate money in the economy when it only has less than 4% of its money in cash. Furthermore, some of the reserves committees have been operating their businesses behind closed doors. This implies that some thing fishy has been going on because if the deals were genuine they would have been done in the lime light. Most activist have been blaming the reserve bank for the recent money shortages because they are thought to be induced hence they are not natural. When these shortages occur the people who reap while others are loosing are the few rich people. It’s amazing to know that America experiences shortages while it is able to offer financial grants to developing countries. This is an insult to the American people because you can not donate to others while you have not satisfied your own needs. When the supply of cash reduces commodity prices goes up and since the earnings don’t increase with these sudden changes, it is the common people that suffer during recession because they can hardly pay their bills. The impression created by the above statements is that the members of reserve system are pocketing the proceeds that they are getting from the dubious deals. In fact t here have been allegations of money laundering because there are individuals who are thought to have obtained loans from the reserve and what bothers most people is that their names were withheld.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on United States Federal Reserve System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This suggests that when the loans will be repaid that money will end up in individuals pockets. This is why critics have been pushing for official auditing of the reserve’s financial records. According to the constitution of US, publicly owned entities are under obligation to prepare their own financial statements before they invite independent auditors. Auditing does not guarantee transparency in the reserve because if the officials are able to induce shortages how sure can we be that they will not use their money to induce the independent auditors to cover up their offences (O’Driscoll, 2010). Most cri tics argue that the lack of transparency within the reserve is due to the personality of the officials that were selected to spear head the reserve board. Some of them are thought to have committed crimes in the past hence when they were assigned to the board they used their authority to obtain money illegally. According to the Federal Reserve act, any one that is found guilty of squandering money should be imprisoned for a period of not less than thirty years. The issue concerning the acquisition of Federal Reserve was intended to belong to the public but owing to the divisions in the congress the motion was not passed. But ownership should not be a problem because the misappropriation of funds is not affected by ownership. It would be important to consider establishing an independent body to oversee the activities of the reserve. In sincerity, the progress of the economy is reflected on the supply of funds in the economy. Stable economies have low commodity prices and low unemploy ment rates. The recent amendments state that the audit reports of the reserve should be presented to the congress for approval. This is because the congress represents the people and that’s way it is possible to end impunity in the reserve. Most people feel that the reserve has failed the American people and it’s blamed for the continued rise in public debt.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is due to the fact that when the artificial shortages happen the authorities have to obtain money from lenders which come with interest rates. The shortages can be avoided if financial institutions were under strict instructions to retain physical cash rather than being permitted to convert their cash into other forms such as metal. When clients withdraw their savings in large amounts the bank suffers from inadequacy because most of its money is not in cash and most of their cash is not in monetary value because some of the debts are not paid back in money hence they are converted into assets such as houses and the houses can not be sold overnight. Most banks like storing huge amounts of their clients’ money in form of valuable metals because they have this notion that prices of precious metals will shoot up drastically. This behavior means that the reserve is a business within business. Considering that when the metals are traded they bring more income compared to what the initial value was purchased at hence a few extra dollars will bring a few dollars in return. I would compare this behavior to a scenario where a livestock farmer relocates one of his/her calves to another farm and the owner of new farm takes advantage of the situation by taking the manure into his own farm instead of living it to the owner. When banks encounter shortages they resort to selling their possessions such as cars and houses to acquire the money that is soon to be withdrawn by their clients. Alternatively, they can request fellow banks to offer them some money to cover up their shortages. But selling the properties is the most appropriate action in such a situation because properties within real estate never depreciate unlike cars that are resold at throw away prices. The major challenge to the banks that are looking for money lenders is that if the problem is affecting their sister banks its too bad for them because you can never offer what you need the most. In the f inal end clients would have to be limited on their withdrawals because with time the money reserve of the bank in question will run dry. Perhaps the reserve keeps a small amount of cash because it does not have many uses with cash and since the cash itself does not appreciate in value that’s why reserve officials store the cash in form of cash because that way they will only consider their financial requirements. White (2005) argues that it would be advisable if a specific amount that is enough to sustain the American people was stored in cash and the surplus converted into metallic value. That way shortage will be history because the money in store can be released to deal with the inadequacy. When commodity prices are low people would require less money to purchase items hence they would not withdraw a lot of money. For this point to be implemented the government would have to reduce the taxes levied from manufacturers. In essence, for the value of American currency, the gov ernment needs to encourage foreigners to consider starting businesses in the US because by doing so the demand for US currency would go up because many people would require it. This is because currencies with the highest demand in the business world are the ones that are involved in foreign trades. Therefore, selection of board members into the Federal Reserve System should be done at the grass root level back in the regional banks and the officials should be elected by the people. The people should be given powers to recall board members who don’t perform according to their expectations. Besides, the candidates should be people of good personality. References Irwin, N. (2010, January 12). Federal Reserve Earned $45 billion in 2009. The Washington Post. Web. O’Driscoll. Jr., G.P. (2010, April 20). An Economy of Liars. The Wall street Journal. Web. White, L.H. (August 2005).The Federal Reserve System’s Influence on Research in Monetary Economics. Econ Journal Wat ch 2 (2):325-354. This report on United States Federal Reserve System was written and submitted by user Desiree Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Columbus and Genocide 2 essays

Columbus and Genocide 2 essays Recently many American families came together to celebrate the Thanksgiving Holiday. Many Americans observe this holiday as a reminder of when Columbus discovered America. For centuries, Columbus has been hailed as a brave explorer whose daring, perseverance, and navigational knowledge led to the "discovery" of America. In grade schools across America children are taught that Columbus is a hero for discovering America. Although, what most schools in the past have not informed their students of, is the fact that Columbus did a great deal more that discover America. The fact is however that Columbus was no more the discoverer of America than Pocahontas was the discoverer of Great Britain. Native Americans had built great civilizations with many millions of people long before Columbus wandered lost into the Caribbean. Columbus never set foot on North America, nor did he open it to European trade. Scandinavian Vikings already had settlements here in the eleventh century. The first European explorer to thoroughly document his visit to North America was the Italian explorer Giovanni Caboto, who sailed for King Henry VII of England and became known by his anglicized name, John Cabot. Caboto arrived in 1497 and claimed North America for the English sovereign while Columbus was still searching for India in the Caribbean. After three voyages to America and more than a decade of study, Columbus still believed that Cuba was a part of the continent of Asia, South America was only an island, and the coast of Central America was close to the Ganges Ri ver. So not only did he not discover a new continent, he did not realize what he had found (McKay, Hill, Buckler, and Ebrey, 2000) Also, contrary to popular legend, Columbus did not prove that the world was round; educated people had known that for centuries. The Egyptian-Greek scientist Erastosthenes, working for Alexandria and Aswan, already had measured the circumferen...