United States Federal Reserve System

The Federal Reserve System refers to the United States central bank which was established back in 1913. Most people prefer to call it fed, but this is in local slang language. Prior to its formation there were frequent financial set backs in the economy that were experienced from the year 1907.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on United States Federal Reserve System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fed was invented by the legislature as the solution to US financial problems. This paper focuses on the criticism that has been directed towards the Federal Reserve and tries to analyze the truth behind the allegations. The Federal Reserve has various obligations that include monitoring and controlling monetary institutions. Secondly, the reserve is responsible for sustaining the strength of the monetary system. Additionally, the Federal Reserve offers monetary services to the federal government, international foreign missions, and depository organizations. Furthermore, the Federal Reserve is also responsible of carrying out the financial policy of the US. According to Irwin (2010), the reserve is run by the Federal Reserve board and its members are selected by the president. However, the Federal Reserve is free from the president but again the decisions that regard it have to be verified by the congress. In ancient days there was acute shortage of money and that’s why the Federal Reserve was established to ensure that there is adequate currency revolving in the US economy. Besides, it would be risky if the banks were allowed to do their operations without being answerable to any body hence the Federal Reserve has a mandate of safeguarding the interests of the general public. Whenever an urgent situation occurs such as during the recent recession period when most organizations were exiting the markets, it is the Federal Reserve that came to the rescue of the US economy by offering subsidi es to the various organizations that were adversely affected by the recession. Before the subsidies were issued companies were retrenching their employees in large numbers. This recession was felt all over the world because it’s perceived that the US being a super power influences world economies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Federal Reserve supplies cash to monetary institutions so that the banks are able to offer loans to their clients while at the same time retaining their money in store. If the Federal Reserve declined to supply the funds to the depository units the banks would not be in a position to offer loans. The reserve has been experiencing a lot of pressure because most people feel that its activities are not transparent. This is because some financial organizations have been permitted to posses stocks in the money market and thus it implies that i ts biased owing to the fact that majority of these banks are privately owned. It would have been better if the public owned banks were also given the same opportunity hence this behavior results in unfair competition. One of the issues that have been raising eyebrows is the party that possesses the Federal Reserve, because according to the act of Federal Reserve it’s not possessed by the federal government hence most people have found the statement that is printed on the notes to be confusing. Moreover, the term reserve does not make sense because in reality the Federal Reserve has very little cash in store because most of its cash is in form of metals. One wonders how such a reserve exists because you can not offer what you lack. There is no way a reserve can be able to circulate money in the economy when it only has less than 4% of its money in cash. Furthermore, some of the reserves committees have been operating their businesses behind closed doors. This implies that some thing fishy has been going on because if the deals were genuine they would have been done in the lime light. Most activist have been blaming the reserve bank for the recent money shortages because they are thought to be induced hence they are not natural. When these shortages occur the people who reap while others are loosing are the few rich people. It’s amazing to know that America experiences shortages while it is able to offer financial grants to developing countries. This is an insult to the American people because you can not donate to others while you have not satisfied your own needs. When the supply of cash reduces commodity prices goes up and since the earnings don’t increase with these sudden changes, it is the common people that suffer during recession because they can hardly pay their bills. The impression created by the above statements is that the members of reserve system are pocketing the proceeds that they are getting from the dubious deals. In fact t here have been allegations of money laundering because there are individuals who are thought to have obtained loans from the reserve and what bothers most people is that their names were withheld.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on United States Federal Reserve System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This suggests that when the loans will be repaid that money will end up in individuals pockets. This is why critics have been pushing for official auditing of the reserve’s financial records. According to the constitution of US, publicly owned entities are under obligation to prepare their own financial statements before they invite independent auditors. Auditing does not guarantee transparency in the reserve because if the officials are able to induce shortages how sure can we be that they will not use their money to induce the independent auditors to cover up their offences (O’Driscoll, 2010). Most cri tics argue that the lack of transparency within the reserve is due to the personality of the officials that were selected to spear head the reserve board. Some of them are thought to have committed crimes in the past hence when they were assigned to the board they used their authority to obtain money illegally. According to the Federal Reserve act, any one that is found guilty of squandering money should be imprisoned for a period of not less than thirty years. The issue concerning the acquisition of Federal Reserve was intended to belong to the public but owing to the divisions in the congress the motion was not passed. But ownership should not be a problem because the misappropriation of funds is not affected by ownership. It would be important to consider establishing an independent body to oversee the activities of the reserve. In sincerity, the progress of the economy is reflected on the supply of funds in the economy. Stable economies have low commodity prices and low unemploy ment rates. The recent amendments state that the audit reports of the reserve should be presented to the congress for approval. This is because the congress represents the people and that’s way it is possible to end impunity in the reserve. Most people feel that the reserve has failed the American people and it’s blamed for the continued rise in public debt.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is due to the fact that when the artificial shortages happen the authorities have to obtain money from lenders which come with interest rates. The shortages can be avoided if financial institutions were under strict instructions to retain physical cash rather than being permitted to convert their cash into other forms such as metal. When clients withdraw their savings in large amounts the bank suffers from inadequacy because most of its money is not in cash and most of their cash is not in monetary value because some of the debts are not paid back in money hence they are converted into assets such as houses and the houses can not be sold overnight. Most banks like storing huge amounts of their clients’ money in form of valuable metals because they have this notion that prices of precious metals will shoot up drastically. This behavior means that the reserve is a business within business. Considering that when the metals are traded they bring more income compared to what the initial value was purchased at hence a few extra dollars will bring a few dollars in return. I would compare this behavior to a scenario where a livestock farmer relocates one of his/her calves to another farm and the owner of new farm takes advantage of the situation by taking the manure into his own farm instead of living it to the owner. When banks encounter shortages they resort to selling their possessions such as cars and houses to acquire the money that is soon to be withdrawn by their clients. Alternatively, they can request fellow banks to offer them some money to cover up their shortages. But selling the properties is the most appropriate action in such a situation because properties within real estate never depreciate unlike cars that are resold at throw away prices. The major challenge to the banks that are looking for money lenders is that if the problem is affecting their sister banks its too bad for them because you can never offer what you need the most. In the f inal end clients would have to be limited on their withdrawals because with time the money reserve of the bank in question will run dry. Perhaps the reserve keeps a small amount of cash because it does not have many uses with cash and since the cash itself does not appreciate in value that’s why reserve officials store the cash in form of cash because that way they will only consider their financial requirements. White (2005) argues that it would be advisable if a specific amount that is enough to sustain the American people was stored in cash and the surplus converted into metallic value. That way shortage will be history because the money in store can be released to deal with the inadequacy. When commodity prices are low people would require less money to purchase items hence they would not withdraw a lot of money. For this point to be implemented the government would have to reduce the taxes levied from manufacturers. In essence, for the value of American currency, the gov ernment needs to encourage foreigners to consider starting businesses in the US because by doing so the demand for US currency would go up because many people would require it. This is because currencies with the highest demand in the business world are the ones that are involved in foreign trades. Therefore, selection of board members into the Federal Reserve System should be done at the grass root level back in the regional banks and the officials should be elected by the people. The people should be given powers to recall board members who don’t perform according to their expectations. Besides, the candidates should be people of good personality. References Irwin, N. (2010, January 12). Federal Reserve Earned $45 billion in 2009. The Washington Post. Web. O’Driscoll. Jr., G.P. (2010, April 20). An Economy of Liars. The Wall street Journal. Web. White, L.H. (August 2005).The Federal Reserve System’s Influence on Research in Monetary Economics. Econ Journal Wat ch 2 (2):325-354. This report on United States Federal Reserve System was written and submitted by user Desiree Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Columbus and Genocide 2 essays

Columbus and Genocide 2 essays Recently many American families came together to celebrate the Thanksgiving Holiday. Many Americans observe this holiday as a reminder of when Columbus discovered America. For centuries, Columbus has been hailed as a brave explorer whose daring, perseverance, and navigational knowledge led to the "discovery" of America. In grade schools across America children are taught that Columbus is a hero for discovering America. Although, what most schools in the past have not informed their students of, is the fact that Columbus did a great deal more that discover America. The fact is however that Columbus was no more the discoverer of America than Pocahontas was the discoverer of Great Britain. Native Americans had built great civilizations with many millions of people long before Columbus wandered lost into the Caribbean. Columbus never set foot on North America, nor did he open it to European trade. Scandinavian Vikings already had settlements here in the eleventh century. The first European explorer to thoroughly document his visit to North America was the Italian explorer Giovanni Caboto, who sailed for King Henry VII of England and became known by his anglicized name, John Cabot. Caboto arrived in 1497 and claimed North America for the English sovereign while Columbus was still searching for India in the Caribbean. After three voyages to America and more than a decade of study, Columbus still believed that Cuba was a part of the continent of Asia, South America was only an island, and the coast of Central America was close to the Ganges Ri ver. So not only did he not discover a new continent, he did not realize what he had found (McKay, Hill, Buckler, and Ebrey, 2000) Also, contrary to popular legend, Columbus did not prove that the world was round; educated people had known that for centuries. The Egyptian-Greek scientist Erastosthenes, working for Alexandria and Aswan, already had measured the circumferen...

How To Use the Spanish Verb Parar

How To Use the Spanish Verb Parar Although the Spanish verb parar is a cognate of the English verb pare, its meaning is far different: It generally means to stop or to halt something or someone, and the words most closely related to parar are usually related to the idea of something being stopped. Parar is conjugated regularly, following the pattern of hablar. Sample Sentences Using Parar Parar can function as either a transitive or intransitive verb. It can be used, respectively, to say that something is being halted or that that someone or something is stopping or that an activity coming to an end. Some examples of parar used transitively: El policà ­a me parà ³ cuando manejaba el auto de mi mam. (The policeman stopped me when I was driving my mothers car.)En el minuto 11 pararon el partido entre Espaà ±a y Ecuador. (In the 11th minute they halted the match between Spain and Ecuador.)Quieren parar la cosecha para combatir el trabajo infantil. (They want to stop the harvest in order to fight child labor.)Vamos a parar la privatizacià ³n del petrà ³leo. Were going to stop the privatization of oil. In sports usage, intercept can sometimes be a good translation: El portero parà ³ tres penaltis tras la prà ³rroga. (The goalie intercepted three penalty kicks in overtime.) Examples of parar as an intransitive verb: El coche parà ³ en el lado del camino. (The car stopped on the side of the road.)Vamos a parar para rehidratarnos y para descansar. (We are going to stop to rehydrate ourselves and to rest.)Quiero que no pare el concierto. (I hope the concert doesnt end.) The reflexive form pararse can also be used to refer to a person or thing stopping rather than being stopped. Me parà © cuando lleguà © al camino. I stopped when I arrived at the road.No nos vamos a parar a explicaros cà ³mo hacerlo. Were not going to stop to explain to you how to do it. ¿Te paraste a pensar que deberà ­a? Did you stop to think what you should do?Ella se parà ³ frente a mi, sujetando mis hombros. She stopped in front of me, grabbing my shoulders. Using Prepositions With Parar The phrase parar de followed by an infinitive refers to the stopping or quitting of an action: Los Tigres no pararon de festejar en el vestidor. (The Tigers didnt stop celebrating in the locker room.)Hay muchos beneficios de parar de fumar. (There are many benefits to quitting smoking.) The phrase parar en often suggests remaining stationary or staying somewhere: Me parà ³ en la puerta de la habitacià ³n y di un leve toque a la puerta. (I stood at the door of the room and lightly knocked on the door.)Mientras que en una tour de Rumania, paramos en el hotel Wolf en Bran. (While on a tour of Romania, we stayed at the Wolf Hotel in Bran.) The phrase sin parar is very common and refers to something happening nonstop or continuously: Bailamos sin parar en San Isidro lloviera o hiciera sol. (We danced all the time in San Isidro, rain or shine.)Javier comà ­a sin parar con una sonrisa en los labios. (Javier ate nonstop with a smile on his lips.) Words Related to Parar The past participle parado often refers to being unemployed or otherwise idle. As a personality trait, parado can refer to someone being timid; sometimes it is used pejoratively to refer to someone unambitious. In can also refer to someone being taken aback or surprised: Grecia emplear temporalmente a 50.000 parados en trabajos para la comunidad. (Greece will temporarily hire 50,000 unemployed people in community jobs.)Mi hijo es muy parado, y por esta causa a mi hija le gusta controlar la situacià ³n. (My son is quite timid, so my daughter likes to control the situation.)Estaba viendo en la televisià ³n como siempre y me encontrà © con algo que me dejà ³ parado. (I was watching the television as always and ran across something that left me stunned.) A parada is a place where vehicles stop to pick up or drop off passengers: La parada de autobuses se encuentra a la salida del aeropuerto. (The bus stop is found at the airports exit.) Key Takeaways Parar is a common verb usually meaning to stop or to halt.Parar can be used transitively (with a direct object) or intransitively (without an object).Sin parar is a common phrase meaning without stopping or continuously.

BUSINESS LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BUSINESS LAW - Essay Example The Parliament of United Kingdom can make whatever laws it wishes. There are number of areas where the legal rules of the Parliament of United Kingdom are applied. Public Acts are made by the Parliament of United Kingdom, and they are related with the issues relating with the general public. On the other hand, Private Acts are those Acts that encompasses the legal structure for the private or particular institutions or individuals. Furthermore, the Acts of Parliament can be identified with the functions. For example, sometimes, the members of Parliament are required to discuss new rules, to change or amend or modify the existing legal provisions. Also, Consolidating Legislation is made to consolidate the provisions previously consisted of different Acts. It was the use of this Consolidation Legislation that created the Companies Act 2006. Case Law This type of law is created by the judges during the process of deciding cases. In the case law, there are two important doctrines. One is stare decisis or binding precedent and second is obiter dictum. Stare decisis or binding precedents are the previous decisions, which are those precedents that are needed to be followed by the courts, which are either equal or above them in the court hierarchy. The doctrine of binding precedents lies at the heart of the legal system of United Kingdom (Exam-kit, ACCA F4, 2007-08).And in the case of obiter dictum, the courts are not bound to follow them. In the legal matters, the case law are of great important and they provide sufficient amount of guidance to carry out the process of legal nature in case any legal problem is arrived. The European Union The United Kingdom is a part of the European Union. After joining the European Union, the citizens and the United Kingdom have obligation to follow the related rules of the European Union. The important areas where the rules of European Union are applied and which are relevant are: international agreements, internal treaties and inter nal protocols and the decision of the European Court of Justice. Custom Custom is a set of old laws. ‘Much of how Parliament does its business is not determined by rules but has become established through continued use over the centuries’- this is known as custom and practice (UK Parliament). These laws are followed for years. These are the local customs which have been in existence since time immemorial. There are many limitations in this source. As a result, there are less chances of this source to provide a reasonable current and future source of the contemporary law in United Kingdom. Effects of Legislation on business Legislation has some positive and some negative impacts on business. As we know there are two types of legislation- primary legislation and secondary legislation. Primary Legislation is carried out and done by the Parliament of United Kingdom. And, the Parliament has delegated the process of secondary legislation to some person or somebody, or a busin ess. Secondary legislation is also called as delegated legislation. The rules and laws made by with the help of secondary legislation have same legal force and have some legal effect as the Acts of Parliament. With the availability of delegated legislation, a business can make any rules and regulations that it finds reasonable and appropriate as long as they do not contradict with the rules and provisions of Acts of Parliament. If the rules passed with the help of

Marketing research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marketing - Research Paper Example The respondents who will be used for this study are convenient subjects. The survey will find respondents who are suitable for the study and they will fill the questionnaires in train stations, shopping malls, and coffee shops. Since most of the knowledge to be collected through the questionnaires is not of a sensitive nature, the questionnaires will be handed out randomly at these places. However, the questionnaires will be anonymous, as will be the responses given on the questionnaires. The research will use a sampling size of approximately 50 respondents since a sampling size under this number may not give enough data in support of the study’s analysis. The sample will range from the ages of 18 to 50. In addition, a larger number may present the study with information that is too broad that may prove difficult to deal with during the analysis stage. The sampling units will be composed of everyday people who use cell phones. Because the questionnaires will be handed out to those willing to take them, the sampling procedures will be randomized where the researcher will randomly select persons from the complete population. By focusing on an age group as diverse as eighteen to fifty, the sample will be representative of those being targeted in the population, which are cell phone users since almost everyone uses cell phones. In addition, because the subjects are chosen through random sampling, the sample is representative of the targeted population (Bradley 33). However, because of the lack of a control group, the internal validity may suffer as a consequence. This is because we are not sure if the manipulation of variables were the only possible reason for the results seen in the dependent variables for the study. External validity may also suffer from the small size of the sample in comparison to total cell phone users (Bradley 34). Finally, because every member of the population has an equal chance of selection, the sample

Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee :: essays research papers

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Indians were being confined to crowed reservations that were poorly run, had scarce game, alcohol was plentiful, the soil was poor, and the ancient religious practices were prohibited. The Indians were not happy that they had been kicked off there land and were now forced to live on a reservation. The Indians then began to Ghost Dance a form of religion it is said that if the Indians were to do this trance like dance the country would be cleansed of white intruders. Also dead ancestors and slaughtered buffalo would return and the old ways would be reborn in a fruitful land. Once the Bureau of Indian affairs noticed what was going on they began to fear this new religion would lead to warfare. The white peoplewere scared that this new dance was a war dance. They called for army protection. Army was called in to try to curbed this new religion before it could start a war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Sioux band tougher led by Little Big Foot. They were heading to Pine RidgeReservation in South Dakota, when the army stopped them and held them at gun pointovernight. Big Foot’s group contained about 300 people two-thirds of them were women and children. While the soldiers numbered around 500 and were armed with automatic weapons. The next morning when the army began to disarm the Indians a shot rang out then the gun fire began leaving about 200 Indians dead in the snow. Thirty soldiers were also killed in the massacre. The soldiers that lost there lives were most likely killed by their own men in friendly fire. Wounded Knee is said to have been the last battle of the war but it was not so much a battle as it was a massacre. It was in fact the last exchange of fire between the army and the Sioux.

Fate Symbolism Essay

Some people believe that each step steps on the way of life is predetermined through the beginning to the end, and people are powerless to resist it. The main character who is the narrator of the short novel, â€Å"A Woman Like Me† by Xi Xi, is trying to convey to us the same concept which is called the fate. She has been an orphan since she was very young, and she and her brother were raised by her Aunt Yifen. Her aunt has so much pressure that she pays less attention on their education, so when the narrator grows up, she lets her inherit their familial skill which is making up for dead. All of these elements lead her life into a miserable fate. From the psychological description of herself, I found that in the depth of her heart, she actually doesn’t want to surrender to her fate, but wants to have friendship and love. In my opinion, our life, whatever love or death, are seem arranged by fate, but we can try our best to alter it and change it. As in the story, althoug h the narrator considers that all the things happened in her life is arranged by fate and she is â€Å"totally powerless to resist Fate† (152), I think most of the misfortunes happened in her life are root in her timidity. The reasons that makes her lacks of courage are her self-abased and doesn’t want to violate her family’s custom. In my opinion, our fate is in our own hand. When she faces the point of transition of fate, she doesn’t have enough courage to change her own fate because of her self-abased, but in the depth of her heart, she is really want to change her destiny. In story she describes herself, â€Å"I’m a person who has no concept of self-protection, and my words and deeds will always conspire to make me a laughing stock in the eyes of others† (152). Her character make people around her can’t accept her and laugh at her. It makes her who originally is self-abased because of low education become more self-abased. Her despaired emotion is expressed many times in the story, â€Å"A woman like me is actually unsuitable for any man’s love† (152). The word, â€Å"actually†, was said with her realistic helpless. She has no confidence to fall in love with a man. She thinks her fate is decided that she can do nothing for it. However, when the narrator who originally surrenders to the fate sees the boy suicide for love, she unexpectedly feels shame of him and refuses to make up for him. She thinks that â€Å"his had been act of extreme weakness: †¦ I should have nothing to do with anyone who lacked the courage to resist the forces of fate.† (157) Her view of other’s fate reflect the real idea in her depth heart. When she face the situation of other people, she is very clear that people should have courage to resist the force of fate. As a Chinese proverb said: â€Å"The spectators understand the chess game better than the players.† When she faces that boy, she is feels humiliating with his weakness. We can find her aspire and insist of love. Unfortunately, she doesn’t have the courage to ins ist her own love. Thus, it is her self-abased make her yell of fate can only leave in the depth of her heart and can’t let it into action. Another reason that makes her hesitates on the edge of fighting to change her fate is she asserted Chinese traditional ideology by family. In one hand, she wants to control her life, but on the other hand some traditional ideas are still leave in her mind. At that time in Hong Kong, because of the Colonization of Britain, many people were influenced by the concept of western culture which was that people could control their life and changed their fate by themselves, but the concept of her family was quite different. The narrator’s family is from the main land of China. Her father and her aunt are all cosmeticians that make up for dead which is the skill that handed down from their ancestors, so in the traditional concept, it must have a person in the family to inherit this skill and her Aunt Yifen choose her as the successor. However, the society also influences her so much. She describes the society as a â€Å"greed-consumed, dog-eat-dog world† (154). From how she describes the society, we can find out most people in that society are all struggling to survive in that competitive world. They don’t follow the fate but create and change it by themselves. Under the influence of the surrounding, she once has thought about many other works she can do, such as â€Å"work as saleswoman in a shop, or sell bakery products, or even be a maid in someone’s home† (160), but finally, she still afraid of to compete with others in that cruel society and follow her fate that decided by her family. On the contrary, I don’t believe that fate is not changeable. I think the destiny is in my hand. In the story, the narrator is so weak that she predicts her fate is predetermined and yields to her fate. She and her Aunt Yifen have the same occupation, and she has already seen her aunt’s miserable fate, so she pessimistically thinks that her â€Å"fate and Aunt Yifen’s are one and same.† (159) She is still young and nobody know what will happen in the future, but she give up at first. I believe that opportunities are for the people who are prepared. If she gives up trying and working hard, she won’t grasp the opportunity to change her fate, even the opportunity has coming. As we know that America is country that full of opportunities for people who work hard to change their fate. That is the reason I came to study in America. As an international student whose first language isn’t English is real tough to success in academic. However, like most of other international students, I know that I need to keep studying hard and never stop. Once I hesitate, I will fall behind of others because everyone keeps fighting and struggling in this competitive society. Therefore, I believe that fate is in my own hand. In conclusion, I really feel regressive for her. If she cares less about other’s view of her, she will have courage to save her love; if she put away her traditional idea, she will have courage to find a new job; if she becomes more confidence, she will against her miserable fate and start a new life. To me, I will have the courage. Stand up from where I fall down and keep working hard, I believe my fate will be different.