Referential Cohesion In The Construction Of Magazines English Language Essay

Referential viscidity In The Construction Of Magazines English Language EssayTexts argon categorized according to different genres, which ar position deep down a consideration. For example, course in magazines be arranged in a way of glueyness so that readers atomic number 18 able to interpret from what is cosmos read. Yet, thither be argument in harm of the word school text and discourse. Like tackiness and co herence which needed to be distinguished, the inconsistencies of both hurt gull brought upon much sloppiness in studies d iodin. Some olfactory modalityers claimed to be doing text analysis but instead, set about provided a story on discourse analysis albeit the introduction of distinction of text and discourse as defined by Widdowson (1973 extracted from Widdowson, 2002) atomic number 18 the structure of sentences and usage of such sentences, respectively. But Widdowson (1978 Ibid.) himself did non principal(prenominal)tain his definition and claime d later(prenominal) on, that discourse consists of sentences with properties such as cohesion and coherence. Much confusion led to many an(prenominal) researchers to conclude that text is only employd to refer to physical show of linguistic signals on base (Tadros, 1981), whereas discourse is accustomd to refer to every investigation on the structure (supra-sentential) of any range of spoken or indite language. Otherwise, this distinction is deemed unnecessary.Cohesion and coherence are analyzed based on individual texts and ergo, need to be distinguished. Cohesion correlates with the overt semantic relations whereas coherence deals with the relationship aspects of semantics, as well as pragmatics, within the text which are interpretable against the readers prior world knowledge (de Beaugrande Dressier 1981). In other words, cohesion deals with the advance direct of text, whilst coherence serves as the underlying phenomenon in the text. Coherence is otherwise known as text ure, features the combination of semantic patterns which is made up of register and cohesion. Cohesion, be the main focus of Halliday and Hasans work, is said to be a display of existing ties, between a presupposed item and a presupposing item that occurred in the text thusly making the text cohere. That said, Cohesion does not concern what a text means it concerns how the text is constructed as a semantic edifice.(197626). Cohesion, thus contributes to the connectedness of the rise elements in the text (Berzlanovich, 2008), and builds the structure of the text in form of coherent sentences which in the fiber of this paper, cohesion will be analyzed in the context of a local fashion magazines article.The way cohesion revolves around the text also depends on the varieties of discourse. Discourse here refers to verbal communication in its concomitantal and large-mindedly context (Ibid.). Since the roles of both cohesion and coherence occur interdependently with the type of gen re, in some articles like academic discourse it is found that conjunction is favored to a greater extent as a cohesive link between sentences. Also, register- limited vocabulary in the text seems to be denoting as a primary factor for stronger cohesive effect, preferably than superior general vocabulary (Teich Fankhauser, 2005). As for narrative structured articles like those from the fashion magazines, previous studies have found that the dominant characteristic typically found in narrative texts is referential cohesion especially when participant chains, anaphoric links, temporal and spatial progression are being investigated (Fox 1987, Berzlanovich, 2008). Lexical items are necessary in the organization of a discourse in order to consider its meanings semantically and whether those sentences are in association with the intend meanings in the text. Thus, lexical items are categorized into dickens groups well-formed cohesion and lexical cohesion (Table 1, Appendix 1). Grammat ical cohesion encompasses summons, substitution, ellipsis and conjunctions, whilst lexical cohesion is classified into two types which are anadiplosis and collocation (Halliday Hasan, 1976).Previous studies have been published in abundance regarding textual cohesion and its devices. Nevertheless, so far to my knowledge, none of them has considered fashion magazine articles as a genre for analysis in the corpus of linguistic research, albeit many studies had been done in the world of language and gender but not from the linguistics aspect. Hence, an article from a local fashion magazine (Cleo) will be analyzed in relation to grammatical cohesion on one of its components- reference, which will be detected via the three dimensions as aforementioned person-to-person pronouns ( epitope, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives (Appendix 2). Other dimensions of grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion will be considered for next deeds, whilst in this paper referential cohesio n is chosen to observe the linkage between sentences within the text, with the context in existence. The signifi corporationce of this paper underpins the twofold fair gameives. Firstly, it is hoped that this study will be able to provide meliorate understanding regarding the use of referential links in the way a cohesive text is constructed on the surface level of sentences. Secondly, the frequent use of cohesive links with break aways and purposes, within sentences will economic aid us gain insights in the aid of the readers interpretation of the text based on the type of genre examined (magazine article). As a result, the study on cohesion will help to put up with effective reading and writing all with word choices and paragraphing in texts and discourses. Finally, the present study provides a surface-leveled analysis of grammatical referential device diligent in the usage of English in this promiscuous context.Literature ReviewHalliday and Hasan (1976) have provided the f undamental framework in the functional grammar studies a lot especially on the studies of cohesion in many research conducted in this scope. Although, other researchers like Werlich (1983) and Brinker (2005) have also made contributions in this field of study. Yet, none has offered detailed and distinguished differentiation in terms of cohesion and coherence. Halliday Hasan (1976) only uses cohesion whereas Werlich (1983) emphasizes in coherence whereas Brinker (2005) points out that the distinction between cohesion and coherence is not necessary. On the other hand, researchers like de Beaugrande Dressier (1981) offers explanation on the surface for both terms, and others followed suit. Most of their classification of cohesive devises branches out, primarily, into grammatical and lexical cohesion in which the former will be the subject of concentration in this present study, primarily on reference.Apart from that, Halliday also claims from the view of a functionalist in grammar t hat language structure is explained by derivation from function and that he and Hasan has accomplished a diversified functional/ text unity, mostly on structural elements like lexical repetition, lexical inclusion and many others which have contributed to the studies of cohesion.According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), grammatical cohesion is divided up into four different devices as follows (Querol 2004, Mohamed-Sayidina, 2010)Reference one element of the text is related to another one as aforementioned for its interpretation, with the use of pronouns (personal, comparative and demonstrative)Semantic relation is required in this mechanism. It in the subsequent sentence refers to being normal.E.g. Look at what being normal involves in this culture. A lot of it is what the rest of the world aspires to- Substitution the replacement of an item with another word to replacement a word or sentence. Others here is used to substitute some areas from being repeated.E.g. Also, we have our o wn set of abilities and talents in some areas, well be above average, while in othersEllipsis the head noun, main verb, or level(p) the whole clause is subsequently omitted in the followers sentence. Consider this statement, whereby the making of sacrifices is omitted from the line that continues. Supposedly People who have extraordinary lives very much have to make sacrifices that many of us wouldnt consider worthwhile (of making the sacrifices).E.g. People who have extraordinary lives often have to make sacrifices that many of us wouldnt consider worthwhile.Conjunction an invariablegrammatical particle to connect two words, sentences, phrases and clauses to create discursive connections. There are several types of conjunctions make believely coordinating, correlative and rate conjunctions.E.g. But when most of us wake up, life is much more(prenominal) prosaic, so we wonder what were doing wrong.Specifically, reference as defined by Halliday, is a participant or circumstanti al element which is being introduced within the text at one point either as a reference point preceded for the following phenomenon, or functions as a basis for comparison. Referential cohesion gutter be realized in three ways personal pronouns ( determining factor, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives (Appendix 2). But in the in-depth analysis of referential cohesion, it does not only matter that these items exist in the text. It also matters if they (personal pronoun,demonstrativeorcomparative) refer forward (anaphora) or backward (cataphora) to itemswithinthe text (endophora) oroutsidethe text (exophora). Then again, readers might encounter some problems in relation to vague reference item, which neither refers to earlierorlateritemswithinthe text nor to entitiesoutsidethe text, up to now if confined within the context. Thus, self-referential occurs when readers interpret the text based on their cultural or world knowledge. This situation is also known as homophora. All these may function as clue items to provide more information to words and phrases (Muto, n.d.). But in the case of this paper, the main concern of the study is solely to detect the frequent use of referential cohesive links in order for the text to flow from one interpretation to the next personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives are the focus analysis. Hence, the present study does not include in-depth analysis on cohesion elements like anaphora, cataphora, endophora and exophora, or even other elements like ellipsis, substitution and conjunction are omitted, because this current study deals solely on the surface level of referential cohesive links (reference) although it is suggested that futurity studies should looked into those aspects aforementioned. For future studies, M.A.K Hallidays scope on references encompasses a wide range of aspects to be looked into especially in the field of general functional grammar where more elaborated, tech nical works of grammar classification could be done in relevance to this current study.From lexical cohesion to grammatical cohesion, there are many research conducted in the field of cohesion and coherence, linguistically (Oliveria et.al, Klebanov Shamir 2006) or pragmatically (Kruijff-Korbayova Wolska 2008, Taboada 2004) yet, studies in this area are sensitive towards types of discourse, genre and text organizations (Berzlanovich, 2008). The study of this topic provides many helpful references and even contribute to the educational field (Muto, n.d., Mohamed-Sayidina, 2010), whereby analysis on lexical cohesion has been done on numerous students works. Also, the study on cohesion has led a group of researchers formulating a software called WordNet, to detect synsets (set of synonyms). As a result, more quantitative studies are conducted in the area of linguistics with the use of WordNet (Teich Fankhauser 2004, 2005). Consequently encouraging mixed method amongst the research d one in analysis or application of the device. In the analysis of cohesion, the study is presented either in systemic stock list of cohesion or instances of cohesion in texts (Kunz 2008). Then, pas seuls also play a part in the determination of the purpose of study. There are four types of variation which are variation over time, across registers, across languages, and across originals and translations. All the analysis can be done via theoretical and example-based analysis, in-depth text analysis or data-based analysis. In the present study, the instances of cohesion are analyzed from the text in a particular variation of a register (fashion magazine) in regards to how often the distribution of referential cohesions occur, via the method of surfaced text analysis per se.MethodologyData CollectionAn article was extracted from the local fashion magazine, namely Cleo. One article was choose because it was due to pure intentions to merely detect the frequency of referential cohesive links end-to-end the text. In addition, these links are observed in terms of its occurrence in text asunder from its connectivity within sentences. Fashion magazine was chosen because not many research have been done in this area of unaffixed discourse, particularly in the feature of referential cohesion most of the studies echo on the academic (Mohamed-Sayidine 2010, Muto, n.d.), news (Oliveria et. al., n.d.), and formally written articles in magazines. No comparisons amongst genres were intended in this research hence explains the reason for one article. Albeit comparisons amongst frequency of cohesive links used in various genres could lead to more future studies to be done.The researcher analyzed the article to detect types of referential cohesion based on an adaptation of methodology from Querol (2004) and its frequency of occurrence for each of the component- personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives, in order to observe the patterns o f sentence bodily structure with these cohesive elements. Firstly, personal pronouns will be observed from the determinative and possessive forms respectively. Then, demonstratives will be divided into specific demonstrative and non-specific demonstrative. Lastly, comparatives will be in terms of general and particular comparatives. The results are listed in Table 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.ResultsData depth psychologyTable 2 presents the total of occurrences of 74 for personal pronouns which include determinatives and possessives as well as 50 and 10 for demonstratives and comparatives, respectively.Referential cohesionTotal occurrences (Percentages) face-to-face Pronouns (determinative and possessive)74 (55%)Demonstratives50 (37%)Comparatives10 (8%)Table 2 Total of occurrences according to types of reference.Then, in second place with total of 22 occurrences is calculated for determinative you/ yourself, preceded with determinative we /us, scoring the highest with a total of 24 o ccurrences. Determinatives such as they / them and it scored reasonably lower than the others with 9 and 10 occurrences respectively, whereas possessives pronouns like their/ theirs (3 occurrences) and its / our/ ours (6 occurrences) hardly occur throughout the text. personalised PronounsDeterminatives(No. of occurrences)Possessives(No. of occurrences)You/ yourself22She/ HerHe/ HimThey/ them9It10We /us24HisHer/hersTheir/ Theirs3Its / our/ ours6Table 3 Total of occurrences for Personal Pronouns (Determinative, Possessive).As for Table 4, specific demonstratives such as this, these, here, those, that are found quite common (27 occurrences) within the text if compared to non-specific demonstratives like it and the (23 occurrences). Otherwise, the results for total occurrences of demonstratives are quite consistent throughout the text unlike personal pronouns.DemonstrativesSpecific(No. of occurrences)Non-specific(No. of occurrences)This, these, here, those, that, there27It, the23Table 4 Total of occurrences for Demonstratives (Specific, Non-specific).The same scenario with almost equal consistency of results is also relevant to comparatives with 4 occurrences for general comparatives (otherwise, apart from, instead of, also) whilst particular comparatives scored slightly higher with a total of 6 occurrences for words like much more, as many of, fracture than, comely great / good and its better to. Thus, from the findings it is prominent that the highest form of occurrences falls on the personal pronoun category with almost half of the text (55%) tress is conformed to this particular referential link.ComparativesGeneral(No. of occurrences)Particular(No. of occurrences)OtherwiseApart fromInstead ofAlso4Much moreAs many ofBetter thanpretty great / goodIts better to6Table 5 Total of occurrences for Comparatives (General, Particular).Summary of FindingsDifferent types of references will yield various results depending on the purpose of construction within the sente nces. Discussion in this section of paper will be based on analysis of the highest occurrences per se from findings of each table (Table 2, 3, 4, and 5). As can be seen in Table 2, the highest total of occurrences is scored by personal pronouns (determinative and possessive) (55%), followed by demonstratives (37%) and lastly, comparatives (8%). Personal pronouns are defined as the pro-form which areused to substitute the nouns. These pronouns are divided into determinatives (also decisive factor as the word modifier that determines the type of reference a noun/noun group has) and possessive (showing possession), albeit personal pronouns could sometimes function as a determinative but not in all cases. In the case of this study, the determinatives for personal pronouns are you/ yourself, she/her, he/him, they/them/ it, we/us. There has been much confusion which lies in differences of pronouns and determinative to the extent that some linguists viewed both of it to be closely related and that pronouns are in fact determiners without a noun / noun phrase. Nonetheless, a clear distinction between pronouns and determiners can be made with three main features that set the determiner apart from pronoun. A pronoun may be a determiner but a determiner cannot be a pronoun in the case of tagged questions. exercises (extracted from the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language)This is delicious, isntthis?Also, pronouns cannot appear anywhere else except in between the verb and particle for phrasal verbs whereas determiners could be placed after a particle (example A). In addition, pronouns are said to be in the form of distinct genitive but determiners are not (example B).Example Apickitup (correct) pick upit (wrong)pick this up OR pick up thisExample BThis is mine/yours/theirs.*This is alls.Personal pronouns reached the highest egress of occurrences (74) as compared to demonstratives (50) and comparatives (10). The breakdown of the table into respective types of cohesi on shows a higher reading generally in determinative (especially for we/us 24 occurrences), instead of possessive. such(prenominal) results are probably due to the type of genre and target audience which the text is focused upon. Hence the stylistic writing could be the choice of words used to manipulate readers mind. It shows solidarity and common grounds in terms of word use of we/us which connotes the idea that readers and writers understand the situation and have common primer knowledge for the context (de Beaugrande Dressier 1981). Sometimes, the we pronouns could be inclusive or exclusive if the writer wishes to include or exclude the audience from the text. aspirate 1The pressure to be anything but normal starts out modern when were told how important it is to get good grades, and by the time were in our twenties, were suddenly feeling that we should be better paid, better looking and better travelled than our peers-in fact, better equals best.Extract 2A lot of our fear of normality comes from a misplaced notion that we should be excelling in all areas of our life, otherwise were failing. One issue is that often what we think are our goals arent actually our own dreams-theyre what we believe society wants us to achieveHymes (1967) once created the illustration of interaction of language and social setting and categorizes speech situation into eight components namely setting, participants, form and content of text, intent and effect of ends, key, genre, medium, and interactional norms, which it is also express that the text is formed also as a part of speech situation.Later on, researchers (Halliday, McIntosh and Strevens) offered another explanation for derivation of features from a situation in a text. Three main headings are proposed Field, Mode and Tenor which describes how a context is able in its function to determine the intended meanings from the text conveyed. The Field is the general event which includes subject-matter as part of the elem ent in order to function as a text in whole altogether with the purposive practise of the audience. The Mode is the function of the text in the event, that means of its genre and types of discourse to be taken into consideration. Then, the Tenor is the type of role interaction in which the participants are involved in with the text whether its relevant or not. These features could help explain the situation in which the reader experiences with the text. Halliday (1976) also noted that the association of linguistic features with configuration of situational features as mentioned above (field, mode and tenor) forms a register in the text. Since the concept of cohesion as defined by Halliday (1976) is supported with register, the both can be effectively combined to constitute a text. Therefore, when the writer tries to form a purposive interaction with the reader based on the subject-matter of the text (Field) with relevance to its function and appropriateness (Mode), he or she tries to connect and convey the message to the public (Tenor) via the text read.As for demonstratives in the present study of text analysis, they are employed into sentences when the meaning of the context is dependent on other things rather than the relative physical location of the readers at the instance. This is also known as the discourse deixis and in other terms verbal pointing. This, these, here, those, that are specific demonstratives whereas it and the are non-specific demonstratives. Demonstratives, in table 4, have shown an almost equal reading of frequency (27 for specific 23 for non-specific). Although, it seems that specific demonstratives is used more often throughout the text if compared to its counterpart. Words like this, these, here, those, that are apparent throughout the text compared to it and the. Yet, there has been much confusion in terms of the usage it. Here, it could be perceived as either a demonstrative or pronoun, depending on the semantic purpose of text. If it is a pronoun, it refers to the object of unknown gender or neuter. But if it functions as a demonstrative, the meaning of the word needs to fall back on the logic behind the text. For example, But, somehow, its conk out a byword for mundane and pedestrian. Of course, It in this sentence does not refer to a human being but the situation mentioned in the preceding sentence. The reader cannot simply comply with the meaning of word without referring to the context. The it substitutes a noun and this replaced noun is also known as the pronouns antecedent. In cases of anaphora, it becomes indecipherable without its context and thus the process of determining the intended meaning of antecedent. In addition, it might also be dummy pronouns, which mean that none of the semantic relations are needed in relation to the context. For instance, Its an perceivable pressure to feel underExtract 3Its the bright, shiny moments that we feel like broadcasting, so its easy to get the impression that someones life is fabulously fast-paced and exciting, but thats because it is only interesting to document that thrilling fraction.The interpretation of the text relies on the reference items within sentences, which can be interpreted in two ways either the item is identified with referent in question or it is being implicitly compared to a referent. When identification is involved with the interpretation of the text, the reference item must always be specific and deitic (Halliday Hasan, 1976) because the identifying function for cohesive purposes must also be specific. Hence, this, these, here, those, that are more commonly used throughout the text. These demonstratives could function as modifier and head of the sentence. Based on Extract 4, there in the sentence, Theres some kind of Hollywood ideal out there functions as the Head of the former word, whereas the latter there works as a modifier for out. Apart from that, these words could apply anaphorically to mean the previou s things which have been said or mentioned before between the interactions of the speaker/ writer and interlocutor/reader (Extract 5).Extract 4Dr. Chris Day, psychologist and author of 52 Secrets of Psychology (Dennis Jones Associates), says that many young women feel that a normal existence isnt good enough. The pressure to be living this fun ideal life, knowing amazing people, doing amazing things. Theres some kind of Hollywood ideal out there that women aspire to. But when most of us wake up, life is much more prosaic, so we wonder what were doing wrong.Extract 5Look at what being normal involves in this culture. A lot of it is what the rest of the world aspires to-sun, lifestyle, healthy food, friends, lots of public holidays, travel. Normal here is pretty good.Finally, comparative comes in the form of adjective or adverb, mostly to denote the property and degree of quality in which it is either greater or less in comparison of both entities. It is used in the context of subord inating conjunction (e.g. than, as..etc). Also, in comparatives, particular comparative occurred more often (6) compared to general ones (4). Particular comparatives refer to comparison in respect to quantity or quality. It is also expressed with aids from adjectives or adverbs. Examples of particular comparatives throughout the text are much more, as many of, better than, pretty great / good and its better to.General comparatives include both similarity and differences in comparatives, in terms of likeness and unlikeness whereby comparison of such is irrespective of any particular property. such general comparatives take forms in phrases like otherwise, apart from, instead of and also. Since comparatives are used to make comparison of the degree in both entities, it is quite common in narrative and expository writings. Regarding the text chosen for this study, albeit its structure seems more alike an expository but there is a party (psychologist Dr Chris Day) whom narrates and adv ises on the pertinent matter. Thus the text is written in a narrative style. apply more comparatives to make differentiation of pros and cons, phrases like apart from, instead of, much more, etc is apparent throughout the text.LimitationsMuch research can be done on the analysis of variations across languages, registers and even original articles and translation ones. In this current study, only general text analysis is conducted whereby the author decides to omit the theoretical and empirical analysis due to time constraints and lacked of sufficient resources. The author is also restricted in terms of systemic functional grammar knowledge thus planned to look at a more generalized grammatical cohesion as her basis for the study. For suggestions, a more elaborated and in-depth text analysis on systemic functional grammar perspectives could be conducted in another study for reference in the future. Also, the analysis would not be precise because only the author herself is analyzing the text. Probably, another person could help in second analysis of the same text to make comparisons between both findings (number of occurrences). Also, no software is used to detect the readings neither SPSS nor WordNet is applicable to this study due to the nature of this study, partly due to the major time constraints that the author decides on a simpler form of method for analysis. Apart from that, more articles are needed for a substantial analysis to justify the substantive issues on grammatical cohesion.Perhaps, more than one genre (magazines, newspapers, etc) and different aspects of cohesion could be looked into including the elements of anaphora, endophora, exophora and others to name a few. Not only that, such article from an versed context of pure reading pleasure could result in a more informal stylistic writing. Moreover, the quality control of the article also depends on the publishing company which is vital in this case of the study. An error has been detected dur ing analysis- note that in paragraph 10 of the text- the sentence should read as happier than those jetsetting instead of happier that those jetsetting. This could affect the reading of frequency if error not detected, reflecting the unreliability of the text.ConclusionWhilst the present study is focused merely on the grammatical aspect of referential cohesion, other dimensions of this study could be considered in terms of variations, analysis and types of discourse. In addition, the focus on reference in this study could also be expanded for future studies since the scope is widely ranged in this topic of linguistics. Methods could also be diversified with the help of software such as WordNet and even SPSS for quantitative approach. Textual patterns, linkage, ties and chains could be observed from various perspectives either from a formal or informal context.Fashion magazine was chosen because not many research have been done in an informal context of reading pleasure most of the studies reflect on academic, news, report and formally written articles. Apart from cohesion, coherence could also be distinguished from the former with more studies done in various discourses, not to mention on the aspect of lexical cohesion as well since both cohesion and coherence are important characteristics in prominent texts (Celce-Marcia Olshtain 2000). Such study on the way cohesion links from one sentence to the next might provide suggestions in the comprehension of effective reading and writing, apart from word choices at semantic level in stylistic writing. Nevertheless, results found in the tables as aforementioned have shown reasonable occurrences across the genre to better understand the cohesiveness of text with help from referential links, whilst the frequency of these links occurred within the text indicates that this particular type of genre-narratives-involves particularly a significant use of pronouns in the making of the article. Ultimately, the understanding of cohesion provides a more comprehensive approach towards discourse analysis and text reading.Appendix 1GrammaticalCohesionReferenceImplies that the information is to be retrieved through the reference item is the referential meaning (pronouns and determiners personal, demonstrative and demonstrative)