In A New England Nun By Mary E. Wilkins Freeman Essays -

In "A New England Nun" by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman In "A New England Nun", Mary E. Wilkins Freeman depicts the life of the classic New England spinster. The image of a spinster is of an old maid; a woman never married waiting for a man. The woman waiting to be married is restricted in her life. She does chores and receives education to make her more desirable as a wife. This leads to the allegories used in this short story. The protagonist life paralleled both of her pets' lives, her dog Caesar's and that of her little yellow canary. Both comparisons are of restriction and fear of freedom. The animals and the woman of this story are irreversible tamed by their captivity, and no longer crave freedom. Ideas of sin guilt and atonement are also present between the woman and the dog. These images typify nineteenth century beliefs of women and their place in society. This story of Louisa Ellis is an allegory for woman, and uses the levels of allegory ironically. The stories of the dog and the bird layer the theme to help represent Louisa's life, who in turn represents the Eighteenth century woman of society. Louisa's animals and their relationship to her suitor are further links between her and her pets. The suitor brings out different traits than the norm in both the animals and the woman of this story. The man's influence is seen as disruptive. Man is s een as a threat to the serenity and security of a spinster's life. Imagery put forth by this story, and by stereotypes of the day is of the new England spinster. Women who were not married yet, lived a life of chores and piousness. They learned their domestic chores and other things that would make them presentable as a wife. They did gardening work, read literature, mended clothing and the sort. These women were dependent on men to come and take them, to change their lives. Those who were not chosen were called old maids or spinsters. They typically were wealthy enough not work, so they lived a singular existence at their homes. Their homes became prisons. Leaving the home was possible but there was nothing out of their home environment, so they were left with no other choice but to lead their domestic life. The routine of their domestic chores became a part of their essence leading to the almost manic neatness of Louisa's home. Louisa was upset by Joe Dagget when he disturbs her autograph book and her gift book. She has a specific placement of the books. Joe transposes the order when he finished looking at them. This annoys her greatly, so she returns the books to their original order as if was compulsive. The order of her house like the structure of her life gave Louisa a sense of security. She becomes nervous if not angry when Joe later knocks over her work basket. The order of her house is so compulsively exact that she feels the need to remove his tracks from the rug. Joe Dagget and Louisa Ellis were engaged for over fourteen years. He went to Australia to make his fortune, while Louisa waited patiently for Joe's return. While Joe was away her mother and brother both died leaving her alone. She became used to solitude and even grew fond of it. When Joe returned he disturbed her life, just as he disturbed her work basket. Louisa's dog Caesar was chained up in the yard. He lived a lonely existence with only his dog house and a couple feet of chain in his world. Caesar was a prisoner of his home as Louisa was a prisoner to her's. The dog became accustomed to solitude and would not know any other way of existence. Joe came back after fourteen years to take Louisa away from her prison, but also would have freed the dog. Joe said " . . . and it's down- right cruel to keep him tied up there. Someday I'm going to take him out." Louisa objects to this fearing the animal nature of the dog that had laid dormantly for fourteen years. Around the same time as Louisa and Joe became engaged, Caesar bit

Independent Study

Independent Study Sometimes gifted students want to learn about topics that are not offered at their own schools. Fortunately, these students do have an option when it comes to their studies. Independent study is a great way to shape a program to your own personal needs. What Is an Independent Study? An independent study is a course of study that a student pursues... well, independently. Students plan a course of study in cooperation with a willing advisor who also sticks around to make sure that the student stays on track and completes assignments and tests. Students pursue independent study for a variety of reasons. Usually, students look to independent study when they have an interest in a special topic that’s not offered at most high schools. Some examples of special topics would be courses like Asian-American history, British Literature, or Chinese language. Beware! There are a few things to consider before you begin. First, you must be sure that you have space for an elective course in your diploma program. Don’t attempt an independent study if there is a chance that it will send you off your diploma schedule! Secondly, you want to make sure that any pre-packaged course you choose is sponsored by a reputable institution. There are some seedy programs out there. How Does It Work? Generally, there are two types of independent study programs: pre-packaged courses and self-designed courses. You will find that there are many pre-packaged online programs available from colleges and universities around the nation. While independent study courses have been a part of college studies for a long time, high schools are just getting around to offering independent studies for students. As a matter of fact, if you attend a small high school you may find that there is no policy at all. You may be the first student to ask, which means you’ll have some work to do. Check with your counselor to make sure that an independent study will fit in your diploma program. Of course, you want to graduate on time! Once you know it’s feasible, you can initiate the process of independent study by asking a teacher or counselor to serve as advisor. You will work with the advisor to decide the type of program to pursue. Designing Your Own Independent Study If you decide to develop a program, you may need to come up with a proposal package that you will submit to a panel of teachers, the guidance counselor, or the principal. Again, every school will have its own policy. In your proposal, you should include a course topic description, a syllabus, a list of reading materials, and a list of assignments. Your advisor may or may not choose to test you on the material. Often the final research paper will suffice. Pre-Packaged Independent Study Programs Many universities offer high school-level online independent study courses or courses that you complete through the mail. University programs have many advantages. The programs have been designed by university staff, and quite often they are monitored by staff as well. They are less work for you and your advisor. However, they do have one big drawback. You guessed it- the price! Individual courses normally cost a few hundred dollars. You can sample a few programs that are available through Brigham Young University and the University of Oklahoma.

Accounting cousework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting cousework - Coursework Example The company chosen in this report is Google. The two ways to improve the performance of a company is through either effectiveness or efficiency. These two similar sounding words are actually much different in meaning and a business can successfully reach its goal if it does these two things successfully. Efficiency refers to doing things right in the least time possible. Efficiency measures the time it takes to do something (Martin, 2012). While inefficient employees take long time in doing a work, efficient employee and manager do a given task in the least time possible using the least amount of resources using certain time saving strategies. Effectiveness refers to doing things in the right way so that particular results are derived (Lawler, 2012.). Effectiveness actually refers to the level of results that is derived from a company’s workforce. Employees who demonstrate effectiveness produces high quality results. To reach position of higher growth a company goes in for effectiveness and efficiency. A company which goes in for only efficiency or only effectiveness does not reach the goal. For achieving growth and desired objective the employees should be efficient and effective at the same time. If the employees of a company are efficient but effective they will not be able to achieve the desired output. Similar is the case of the employees who are effective but not efficient. The employees who are efficient but not effective will be able to achieve a result first but the result achieved will not be the desired one. Similarly the employees who are effective but not efficient will be able to achieve the result but the time taken by them will be far greater. Thus for the growth of the company it is required that the employees are efficient as well as effective. The asset turnover ratio of a company represents how efficiently the company uses the assets of the company in generating revenue. The numerator of

Letter to parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter to parents - Essay Example I plan purposefully the learning outcomes that should be achieved for each child and accordingly I design and deliver instruction. These types of instructions help to achieve the desired learning outcome without changing the curriculum and potential of every student can be achieved. Struggling students and gifted or above-average students both have different needs and can definitely make progress with differentiated learning activities without their realization. They do not feel isolated and this also invariably develops sense of belonging. This teaching strategy helps to reach, teach and develop all my students. It is important to know the child as an individual and learner. To recognize pupil’s diverse background intentional efforts are made like calling each one by respective name, observing each one carefully, and establishing two way conversation, etc. Differentiate instructions involve content, product and process differentiation. Since each child’s ability and apprehension is different, the depth and complexity of the content is varied by offering multiple options. I emphasises on dynamic group culture in the classroom so that each pupil has opportunity to enhance the knowledge in similar as well as different settings. The composition of the group is varied depending upon the purpose. This process differentiation of dynamic groups fosters cooperative and collaborative skills among children. This ensures that student can work at their own level and simultaneously make progress in varied skill sets and interests. Also, I love to make my students more independent and therefore, every time they are engaged in different and stimulating learning activities. I also give many examples, stories & illustrations as well as multiple methods for the students who need assistance to explain certain concepts. To nurture natural but inten tional learning, type of poems, songs, finger plays, vocabulary building games,

Establish your Building Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Establish your Building Business - Assignment Example Without doubt, the company will have process flows representing how all of these errands and employees interact with each to produce the ultimate service or product (Gainforte, 2010) As partners, we are going to set out expectations, entrust, progress the training time, and duplicate for growth. We will also be required to have procedures documented. In some cases, we will be required to have operations manual in place. This operations manual will ensure that customers have the same experience every time they encounter with my company. Conversely the relation between complexity and planning for buildings is something we are not going to overlook. We are going to build a large a large building enterprise, where the mission is critical and the system highly distributed, the need for data architect, infrastructure architect, business architect enterprise architect and solutions architect is going to arise. To maintain the building licenses it is important that to consider having a super intendent in place (Yetton, 2010). The superintendent should be included in the hierarchy of the buildings management. It is important to should ensure that the superintendent is respected and respected by the board and management. Ideally, the job of the board is to lay down policies, while the job of the management will be implanting those policies. The superintend job is to supervise the building staff, and report back to the management. Furthermore, for board to be successful, it should keep its directives and policy decisions to a minimum to allow their subordinates, to carry out polices and procedures that not only benefit the company, but also meet the building policies. Quality and control and safety should also be major concerns for project managers. Defects in constructed facilities could lead to heavy costs. Even so, with slight defects, this could lead to re-construction and or the closer of the facility operation. Additionally, accidents either fatal or not fatal may oc cur during construction processes. It will be, therefore, paramount that I hire project managers who are highly qualified. The project managers will ensure that proper job in done, and that no accidents occur in the construction process (Yetton, 2010). In order to keep and maintain the business and building licenses, I will be required to hire inspectors and quality assurance personnel. There job will be inspecting samples of materials in specialized laboratories to ensure adherence to regulatory requirements (Gainforte, 2010). It will be my great concern that I ensure the contractors I will hire in my company, will b conscious of these standards. I will also ensure that I encourage quality control among employees, too. As a contractor, my company will be responsible for all safety site operations, in accordance with the terms of the contract. Adequate training of employees is something I will ensure is observed so that the employees can implement their particular duties property. A fter being advised by my financial advisers, I favored a business that will be owned and operated more than individual. In short, I decided to structure the business as a partnership. Even so, I settled for general partnership, whereupon the partners will manage the company and bear debt responsibilities of the company. I settled for partnership business structure because of the tax treatment associated with it. Ideally,

Corporate Social Responsibility In Developing Nations Sociology Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility In Developing Nations Sociology Essay The phenomenal stretch of Globalization has touched and affected, positively or negatively as well, practically every aspect of human existence, through its varying tentacles in its ever-propagating areas of influence. The recognition and acceptance of the phenomena of Corporate Social Responsibility (hereinafter referred to as CSR), in developed as well as developing countries, is a doting example of the same. It needs a special mention that CSR is nowhere a legally sanctioned document or observance, but it indeed, has come forth as a minimal standard as to the governance of business at global level, with international reference standards set by the United Nations, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines and International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions. The primary reason as to why this phenomena is rising at such a fast pace, is the global competitiveness ensuing between the business houses of different countries. The corporates mainly demonstrate the extra responsibility to earn the goodwill of the market, and CSR helps in building loyalty and trust amongst shareholders, employees and customers. In this sense CSR denotes a voluntary endeavour by the big business houses to look into the varied issues and concerns of the public at large, apart from the profit-maximising objectives. CSR is closely linked with the principle of sustainable development, which argues that enterprises should make decisions based not only on financial factors such as profits or dividends but also based on immediate and long term social and environmental consequences of its activities. CSR has a significant role in controlling the perils of uncontrolled development, satisfying the needs of the present generation and at the same time ensuring that the resources of future generations is not jeopardized.  [1]  The inclusion of the objective of sustainable development within the CSR agenda magnifies the duties and responsibilities of the big business houses, upto a large extent, which cannot be made limited as per any parameters. The realization of the ultimate objective of sustainable development is a long and continuous process, and is rather more inclusive, which includes the interest of the developing nations also. The impact of CSR in context of developing nations, as evident, is rather a negative impact. The primary reason as identified by the authors seems to be the inappropriate approach towards the practical applicability of the CSR in the developing countries. There is lacunae in the structural approach towards implementation of the CSR agenda within the developing countries, mainly due to the irresponsible inactiveness on the part of the government of the developing countries, in framing its policies and regulations as per the international norms and requirements, as CSR is largely a global phenomena. In this research paper, a structural and conceptual analysis is done with regard to the difficulties faced by the developing countries in implementing the CSR initiatives. This paper is an attempt to identify such issues which attributes to the failure of CSR in developing nations, and also identify the correct possible approaches to properly reap up the benefits of the CSR agenda and initiatives evolved mainly through the internationalization of the initiatives taken in the developed countries, by various approaches to be discussed herein. EVOLUTION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AS A FULCRUM OF SOCIAL RESPONSIVENESS What exactly is inferred from the social responsibility of the corporations? The corporations are generally expected to strengthen and mobilize the economy by enhancing profit, the social implications of which are highly overlooked. The concept of CSR refers to the general belief held by many that modern businesses have a responsibility to society that extends beyond the stock holders or investors in the firm. That responsibility, of course, is to make money or profits for the owners.  [2]  In 1960, Keith Davis suggested that social responsibility refers to businesses decisions and actions taken for reasons at least partially beyond the firms direct economic or technical interest. Also it has been argued by Eells and Walton (1961) that CSR refers to the problems that arise when corporate enterprise casts its shadow on the social scene, and the ethical principles that ought to govern the relationship between corporation and society.  [3]   The current wave of interest in CSR dates from the early 1990s.  [4]  However, in recent years the CSR has emerged as an inclusive and global concept to embrace corporate social responsiveness, and the entire spectrum of socially beneficial activities of businesses. It follows the trend of a diffusion process of policy instruments from North to South and therefore of a global convergence of policy structures.  [5]   Now the term social within the CSR is again a vague concept and enlarges the sphere of the corporate responsiveness. The social dimension of the CSR can effectively be attributed to the organizations stakeholders, who are in the immediate connect to the corporation. Stakeholders denote the group of persons who have a stake, a claim, or an interest in the operations and decisions of the corporation. This bond of the corporation with the stake-holders practically denotes the area of social operation of the corporations. The The idea of CSR cannot be traced as to the place of its origin and evolution, since it is mainly a progeny of the globalization, which is encumbrancing in itself, the world at large. Therefore, the concept of stake-holder management becomes an effective instrument to analyse the social impact of the corporations. This methodology can have, or rather it has appeared to be an aberration, which practically excludes the impact on the developing nations, as it is a very common fact that the activity of the stake-holders of the developing nations cannot match upto that of the developed ones. One tangible result that has certainly been achieved by the current CSRmovement is that it has got people talking about worker rights, global governance, sustainable enterprise and all manner of topics that have relevance to the well-being of the poor and marginalized.  [6]   The effective implementation of CSR in developing countries has come forth to be recognized as a challenge after the vision in the year 2000 was instilled in the Milleneum Development Goals (MDGs) as a world with less poverty, hunger and disease, greater survival prospects for mothers and their infants, better educated children, equal opportunities for women, and a healthier environment. CSR AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: IDENTIFYING THE CONNECTION The CSR in connection with developing countries can be considered as to represent the formal and informal ways in which business makes a contribution to improving the governance, social, ethical, labour and environmental conditions of the developing countries in which they operate, while remaining sensitive to prevailing religious, historical and cultural contexts.  [7]  The analysis of the effectiveness of the CSR cannot be considered to be complete unless its impact on the developing countries is identified, as they represent the most rapidly expanding economies, providing for a lucrative market for the growth of the corporate business. It is a common fact that the worlds poor are distressingly plentiful, and despite of the vastness of their market, they are largely unexplored by the multinational companies, in assumption that the people of the developing countries are more busy in sustaining their normal living rather than going for any developmental incentives. Also it is ass umed that various barriers to commerce corruption, illiteracy, inadequate infrastructure, currency fluctuations, bureaucratic red tape etc, make it impossible to do business profitable in these regions. The authors assert this fact that the above notions and assumptions are largely outdated. It is well-evident in the current scenario that the large number of corporate houses prefer the markets in the developing countries only, as it provides them with ample oppurtunities to maximize the profitability, and the restrictions assumed are hardly existent. Moreover, certain positive trends in developing countries from political reform, to a growing openness to investment, to the development of low-cost wireless communication networks are reducing the barriers further while also providing businesses with greater access to even the poorest city slums and rural areas.  [8]   Since in developing countries, rural areas represents more than half of the population, for instance in India, 60% of GDP is generated in rural areas. The critical barrier to doing business in rural regions is distribution access, not a lack of buying power, but new information technology and communications infrastructures especially wireless promise to become an inexpensive way to establish marketing and distribution channels in these communities.  [9]   CURRENT STATE OF CSR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES It is argued that the practice of CSR is a work in progress. The idea of evolution of CSR as a concept clearly envisages the fact that it has mainly evolved through an active participation of the developed world, and then it got internationalized, and ultimately it is in a process of reaching to the developing ones also. In the present scenario, no matter what kind of effect it is producing, but it is propagating at a very fast pace, in the developing countries due to the ample market available therein. It has been seen that the developing countries also opened up their economy and whole-heatedly welcomed the advent of foreign companies into their territory as a part of their liberalization strategies. It has been quite beneficial for the foreign investors as well, since the developing countries enrich them with huge profitable market. With increased emphasis on the profit-making, the CSR development agenda has definitely taken a backseat in the developing countries. In his analysis of the relationship between companies and poorer local communities, Newell concluded that mainstream CSR approaches assume a set of conditions that do not exist in most of the world. CSR can work, for some people, in some places, on some issues, some of the time  [10]  . And in the process, the CSR looses the connect with the real life situations of the developing world. Following are the bases on which the CSR is rendered ineffective in context of developing countries: The Stakeholder Concept It has been observed that, in the present time, it benefits some people and some companies in some situations. The success of CSR initiatives can be linked to the stakeholder dialogue and stakeholder engagement, who can bring together representatives of business, non-governmental and public sectors in order to identify and address aspects of social responsibility. However, in context of developing countries, this stakeholder dialogue cannot be effectively realized due to various unwanted barriers such as language, culture, education and pluralistic values, which adversely affects the negotiations and decision-making. Moreover, one more obstacle that hampers the positive advantage of CSR in developing countries is the prioritization of the interest. As the stake-holders represents the common will of the civil society, but it depends upon their priorities and interest, the success of the CSR, for instance, those groups whose issues and problems are not taken up by the civil society organizations may also be ignored by firms. Notwithstanding the role of organized labour, the unorganized sector can rarely present a threat to a firms productivity, nor is the firms dependence on them likely to be high. Elaine Sternberg alleges that stakeholding is unworkable and destroys accountability within a firm, as the stakeholders are usually seen as all those who affect or are affected by a corporation.  [11]  This shows that the CSR for the unorganized sector, which represents a significant proportion of the population in developing countries (more than 50% in India) is highly neglected. The CSR business case It is a common practice that the companies are generally meant for their profit-maximising attributes based on the competitive advantage, and to maintain corporate reputation, the beneficial impact on staff morale, etc, and thereby the lessening the involvement of theirs in developing countries. The business case is simply the arguments and rationales as to why business people believe these concepts bring distinct benefits or advantages to companies, specifically, and the business community, generally. One of the possible explanation to the business case of the corporate is given by Simon Zadek, who says that the corporate follow the defensive approach, i.e., companies should pursue CSR to avoid the pressures that create costs for them.  [12]  The second approach identified by Zadek is the cost-benefit approach, which holds that firm will undertake those activities that yield a greater benefit than cost. The third approach can be that the firms will recognize the changing environ ment and engage in CSR as a part of a deliberate corporate strategy. As a consequence, CSR is commonly focused on add-on measures and technical solutions, to a certain extent neglecting the contextual environment or even the intended beneficiaries that are addressed by the CSR measures. In this sense, the big business-hubs only act so as to maintain their healthy reputation, and thereby neglecting their social responsibilities, and even if they pursue their social responsibilities, the interest of the developing countries is even not represented there, as the issues are normally evolved in the developed world, which are quite different to that of the developing world. The inappropriate CSR agenda Though CSR has evolved as an umbrella concept, but still there many issues which are left unaddressed under the ambit of CSR, and which renders the effective applicability of CSR in developing countries, a potentially difficult task to achieve. The CSR agenda are mainly framed in developed countries, and hence they could not identify the practical situations faced by the developing world, like tax avoidance and transfer-pricing problems, the resource curse effects of the influx of the foreign aid or revenues, etc. This problem is ever-propagating since there is inactiveness on the part of the developing countries, mainly represented through the very few stakeholders, who do not at all represents the actual situation. The appropriateness of the CSR agenda can be ascertained once the representation of the developing countries is adequately ensured while framing the agenda, so that a more inclusive approach can be taken into consideration, including the varied concerns of the developing countries, ab initio. POSSIBLE APPROACHES TO EFFECTIVELY IMPLEMENT THE CSR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES So far, the concept of CSR has mainly evolved through the concerns and interest of the investors, companies, campaign groups and consumers based in the developed countries. As a result of this, the CSR agenda with regard to the developing countries is very difficult to realize. It has been observed that the impact of CSR in context of the developing countries is rather negative, due to various conceptual as well as structural inadequacies. However, as observed, the developing countries are a potential hub for the growth of CSR accordingly to achieve its ultimate cherished goal of sustainable development. Although the CSR is a global phenomena, its implications can very well be sensed at the local boundaries of the individual States as well. Due to various structural differences within the developing countries, the State Activism needs to be enhanced to properly harvest the ripe benefits of the CSR initiatives. The States need to mould the national policies so as to recognize the conc erns of the stakeholders of the developed countries. The following initiatives could go a long way for procuring the positive outcome of the CSR in developing Countries: Free acces to market As it is well-known that the markets in the developing countries provides for a potential market and the CSR mainly acts through the stake-holders, the CSR objectives can be effectively realized by making possible maximum number of participation from the consumers, so that minute interest of the consumers which are often neglected being unidentified, can be given due consideration. The market policies of the States should be so formulated, as to promote extended participation from the consumers. This becomes especially relevant as more and more companies from developing countries are globalizing and needing to comply with international stock market listing requirements, including various forms of sustainability performance reporting and CSR code compliance. Socio-Political Reforms The Government of the developing countries should induce political reforms so that the problems and issues at the ground level can be identified, and then only the CSR initiatives could be effectively realized forthwith. For example, De Oliveira (2006) argues that the political and associated social and economic changes in Latin America since the 1980s, including democratization, liberalization, and privatization, have shifted the role of business towards taking greater responsibility for social and environmental issues.  [13]   Enhancing the investment incentives It is a common assumption that there is not much scope for investment in the poorer countries as they are largely occupied by the fulfilling of their basic requirements. There comes the responsibility of the concerned Government to frame policies so as to promote socially responsible investment (SRI), so that the corporate houses could be attracted to invest in the developing countries. For instance, In some developing countries, like South Africa, the SRI trend is well documented (AICC, 2002). In addition to featuring prominently in the SRI movement in the 1980s through the anti-apartheid disinvestment phenomenon, since 1992, South Africa has introduced more than 20 SRI funds nationally which track companies social, ethical, and environmental performance (Visser, 2005a). Propagating Stakeholder Activism As discusses earlier, that the CSR mainly works with respect to the stakeholders, who have certain pecuniary interest in the whereabouts of the business house, and they represent a very segregated part of the actual mass of population, and hence, the interest of the large part of the developing world could not be identified. The stakeholders are generally confined in the furtherance of their own petty interest, and therefore, it becomes impossible for the Corporate to identify the interests of the consumers at large. And hence, the onus shifts on the concerned government to intiate such policies to enhance stakeholder activism. In the developing world, the stakeholders agencies such as NGOs, Trade Unions, International Business Associations could be mobilized to ensure their participation in CSR activities, as they represent the class of stakeholders who mainly work at the primary level and are well aware of the existing issues and circumstances. Newell identifies the Stakeholder Act ivism in developing countries as civil regulation, litigation against companies, which go a long way in procuring the interest of the developing world. There are numerous examples of civil regulation in action in the developing world of which South Africa is a rather striking case in point. This has manifested itself mainly through community groups challenging companies over whether they are upholding the constitutional rights of citizens. Various landmark cases between 1994 and 2004 suggest that, although civil society still tends to lack capacity and resources in South Africa, this has been an effective strategy. Stakeholder activism has also taken a constructive approach towards encouraging CSR, through groups like the National Business Initiative and partnerships between business and NGOs.  [14]   The theory of Organizational Legitimacy as a possible solution the implementation of CSR in developing Countries This theory of Organizational Legitimacy can have various dimensions, but through a strategic view-point, the focus rests on the organization and assumes a relatively high degree of managerial control over the legitimating process. In the institutionalist tradition, a broader perspective is taken (society looking in), focusing on how organisations or groups of organisations adapt to their institutional environments in order to manage legitimacy. Here, legitimacy is not seen as an operational resource, but rather as a set of external constraints, forming the actions of the organization.  [15]  Therefore, this theory of organizational legitimacy imposes upon the business houses, a certain kind of ethical constraints, to be complied with, for effective implementation of the CSR agenda. Suchman defined Legitimacy as a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, belie fs, and definitions. This definition denotes the principle of moral legitimacy which the organizations follow to appear consistent with ones external expectations in order to be able to continue business as usual. This theory need not be made universally applicable as in the judgment whether an organization and its actions are legitimate or not, is rather socially construed, and therefore subject to change depending upon the socio-political environment, the organization is established into. CONCLUSION In view of the above discussion, it is well-evident that the CSR has not been able to properly stretch its tentacles in the developing world, due to various conceptual and structural obstacles. The reason could be primarily attributed to the fact that mostly the issues are not recognized and thus have not come forth within the ambit of the CSR agenda, due to the shortcomings in the policies of the developing countries. It is pertinent to observe the conceptual aspects of the CSR beyond the customary approaches being carried thereon. It cannot be necessarily assumed that CSR is ineffective in context of developing countries, rather there is problem with the identification and acknowledgement, of the issues which needs to be addressed. If the CSR standards with respect to the workers right and natural resource management are looked into, it is observed that for people in developing countries, it has been inadequately addressed. This issue of identification of the problems at the ground level can be mainly attributed to the fact that the stakeholders, who are primarily in touch with the CSR agenda, represent a very minimal proportion of the actual working population, and also the stakeholders are primarily bothered about their own self-interests. The policy of Stakeholder Activism initiated by certain States is a welcome move in this regard, and this could go a long way in ensuring the representation of the larger mass of population in the mainstream CSR agenda. Thus it is inferred that the failure of CSR agenda in the developing countries is a mainly a structural inadequacy rather than any practical or procedural aberration. However, regarding CSR in the context of developing countries, the explanatory power of organizational legitimacy goes beyond its customary tradition. The institutional array of organizational legitimacy proves as a useful body of theory to inform CSR in a developing country context, since it is able to address cultural factors and goes beyond business case considerations. Therefore, the CSR initiatives being seen through the organizational legitimacy theory can effectively solve the problem of non-implementation of the CSR policies in the developing world. It is pertinent to observe at this juncture, that State Activism is urgently required to mobilize the dormant effect of the CSR policies, in the developing countries. The State needs to frame regulations and policies, in their municipal laws so that CSR initiatives could reach to the people at large, rather than being confined to the minor stakeholders. The ineffective realization of the CSR policies is mainly a structural aberration, which needs to be solved by taking into consideration the issues and problems at the ground level.

Sports and Children Essay -- essays papers

Sports and Children We no longer live in a society where kids run around actively throughout the neighborhood. The sandlot baseball games, pick up games in the park, and innocence in the children are gone in sports. Today children are more interested in television, computers, and video games and parents are afraid of letting their children run around the streets because of kidnapping. Kids are simply no longer interested in physical activity. A poll of over a thousand parents and one with students was done and the results show they blame inactivity on lack of time and homework. Whatever the cause is, we can see results with studies throughout the last few years. * 22% of children are physically active everyday of the week. * 49% in grade 4-12 are moderately to vigorously active. * 34% attend Physical Education classes daily. * 23% don’t have these classes offered, because no all states have educational requirements for PE and some have budget cuts in the program. * 54% of children ages 6-11 are obese, with the obesity rates till on the rise (Hellmich 1997). There are a number of federal, state, and local school programs to help students reach fitness goals. The missing link in having physically fit children seems to be the parents. They are allowing children to remain sedentary with the television and computers. Not enough children have parents who monitor their child’s activity schedules, expose them to physical activity, and who serve as role models in being active themselves. Sports involvement and competition is very important in a child’s life, but sometimes can go too far. Physical activity offers both positive and negative aspects in a child’s life. Physical activity is an integral part of the learning process at all grade levels/ Unfit children develop low opinions of themselves, dislike activity, and develop antisocial attitudes. Children need the physical and mental benefits of sports. Kids involved in sports will physically feel better about their bodies by being fit, they are less likely to have the risk of obesity later in life, and more likely to learn new skills (Krucoff 1998). Mentally, sports stimulate the intellectual development, sharpen motor skills, provide emotional and social growth, help with depression, and increase self-confidence. A non-active child that becomes active in a sport program find increas... ...nal Catholic Reporter (on-line) p.21. http://web2.searchbank.com/infotra. Hellmich, N. (1997, July 1). Few kids get daily exercise. USA Today (on-line), p. D, 1:6. Http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?ts. Johnson, K. (1998, June 2). Very Young, and Very Competitive Beyond Play. Christian Science Monitor p.1. Krucoff, C. (1998, September 29). Encouraging kids to participate in sports. The Washington Post (on-line), p. Z20. Http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?ts. Picon, D. Making the best out of youth sports. (on-line), p. 1-5. Http://ridesafeinc.com/wings/stress5.htm. Spaid, E. (1997, June 3). Good sportsmanship declines on the sidelines amid rising tempers, leagues, and parks are insisting on parental cool. Christian Science Monitor (on-line), p. 1:3. Http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?ts stress, anxiety, and energy. Sports Psychology (on-line), p. 1-4. Http://stad.dsl.n1/coach/stresscn.html. Tye, L. (1997, September 30). Injured at an early age. Boston Globe (on-line), p. A, 1:1. Http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?TS. Editorial Parents, practice sportsmanship. (1998, May 11). The Atlanta Constitution (on-line), p. A; 08. Http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?TS.

Describe with Examples the Importance of Recognising and Responding to Concerns About Children and Young People’s Development.

U1 – 2. 210-11-11 Describe with examples the importance of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young people’s development. The following things would cause concern about a child or young person’s development. If the problem was left untreated then things could get worse, and a delay in treatment could mean that the outcome is not as good as it would have been if treatment was started earlier. 1. Speech / Language. If a child or young person does not talk to anyone or even only speaks a few words compared to others, this may cause concern. This would socially affect the child or young person’s because they would find it hard to make friends, work in groups or even interact with adults. It would also affect their communicational development because they would find it hard to speak to people and also may find it hard to listen to instructions etc. Early intervention would be the best way to respond to this concern, the first step would be to have the child or young person’s hearing checked because if they have poor hearing they will find it hard to hear people so will not want to communicate with others in case they get something wrong. . Poor reading and writing. If a child or young person has difficulties with their reading and writing it may cause concern, but this may not be noticeable until the child is around the age of 6 or 7 because by this age they should have learnt how letters are formed and start to string words together. These are the main skills a child needs to help them develop in all areas. Due to poor reading and writing the child or young person will start to fall behind his peers of the same age. They may find it difficult to interact or make friends with others who are more advanced than them, in case they are bullied etc. They would struggle with their intellectual development not only with the reading and writing, but they would struggle with their memory and even their concentration. They would have a low self-esteem, and could also have a speech problem. They may become very disruptive in the class, because they can not do the work etc. The best way to respond to this concern would to inform the main teacher and also inform the SENCO, so that they can follow it up correctly as the child or young person may have dyslexia. 3. CO-Ordination. If a child or young person starts to show signs of clumsiness or struggle with their fine motor or gross motor movements then this would cause concern and make you wonder what could be causing this? Their social development may be affected as they may find it hard to interact with other children when playing games in the playground. The child or young person will have problems with fine motor and gross motor skills and therefore may struggle to use a pen/pencil, have hand-eye co-ordination problems, balance and even running. This will also have a knock on affect on them intellectually, because if they are unable to hold a pen/pencil then they will be unable to write. The best way to respond to this concern would yet again inform the child’s teacher and also inform the SENCO, as the child or young person may suffer from dyspraxia, and they will need to be assessed. . Signs of Abuse. It can be very difficult to recognise signs of abuse in a child or young person. They are some signs, which could alert staff to the fact that the child or young person might be being abused at home, for example constant bruising, or having unusual injuries for the child or young person. This may have an affect on their emotional development because they may suffer from low self-esteem, and be unable to name the emotion they ar e feeling. They may also have problems with their physical development because if the child or young person has been physically abused and hurt then they may be in pain when doing things. The best way to respond to this kind of concern is to inform the child’s teacher and also the head teacher and then they can then inform social services and the police and then they can look into the situation more closely. 5. Diet / Weight. If a child or young person’s diet / weight were to suddenly drop or increase in a short period of time then this would cause some concern about them. Things that would raise concern would be if they came to school and did not have any lunch (packed lunch) or if they only eat small amounts, this would make the child very irritable and very lethargic because they are not getting the right nourishment for one reason or another. If the child or young person is malnutrition they may have difficulty with their social development because they nay struggle with their speech and therefore are unable to interact and make friends. Their physical development may develop at a slower rate compared to the other children etc. The signs of a child being under weight could be that they have an illness like leukaemia, or the fact that they are being neglected at home. The best way for staff to approach this would to be speech to the parents/carer of the child or go to social services. 6. Behaviour. If a child or young person’s behaviour is more along a negative line constantly then this may cause concern and make staff etc wonder what could be causing the constant negative behaviour. This behaviour could be signs that the child or young person has ADHD, Autism etc. If left untreated then the child or young person’s development would be affected in a big way. Socially no one would want to be their friend if they constantly hit, kick or even bite others, this would then make is hard for them to make friends and share with others. If the child does have a condition that is affect their behaviour this would cause them to have poor concentration and their listening skills would also suffer. Emotionally they may be constantly angry or confused by what is going on. The best way to respond to this would be to inform SENCO and maybe introduce a behaviour chart in the class and reward the good behaviour.

Title and description Essay Example

Title and description Essay Example Title and description Essay Title and description Essay A Project Manager is a responsible individual in a company, for performing several tasks such as Project Plan, execution of plan, team management and in assessing team performance. Further a project manager is also responsible for communication, status reporting, risk management and issues that could not be resolved in a team and even budgeting of project, schedule are some of the   essential roles of   a project manager. Project manager required to be efficient at the outset, in HR management, caliber, managerial skills and a complete professional knowledge about labor laws, which means Project manager is similar to one-man army wherein a specific tool is used when it is required. The job of project manager   is not so easy to perform whereas it requires excessive working and on site knowledge for executing projects on time with the assistance of project team. It can be added here that, a desk job held by an individual does not take much time to perform with the fact that the task is within the purview of individual whereas project manager has to consider the work and performance of project team with each individual possessing different moods and levels of working. Skills and responsibilities Therefore, the job of a project manager is a complex job which requires in depth knowledge of HR management and project management apart from considerable experience in project management. Apart from project team, project manager   is accountable to senior management viz., CEOs, CFOs, COOs and even VPs who from time to time require feed back and progress reports of projects indicating the level of work that is completed and explanations for delays. Construction management shoulders project manager with heavy responsibility of construction engineering work, terms with labor, keeping a stock of construction materials and above all, importantly completing the construction project within schedule, as per architectural design with perfect finishing. Project manager is confronted with maximum hurdles such as lack of or insufficient funds,   lack of efficiency in labor, lack of team spirit or up rise of raw material prices in the market or any such unforeseen accidents while implementing project plan. A thorough training must be offered to Project Manager who is qualified, experienced, dynamic and smart individual.   It must be well understood by the Project Manager that senior management looks for completion of projects   in scheduled time and in achievement of such goals, project manager has to act in a language of professional authority, taking the initiativeness and decision making powers to get the project completed within the time frame, which is essential duty of project manager. Project Manager can also consider the consent of other counterparts viz., team leaders, team committees, project director and project leader. In order to perform exceedingly well in the duty of project manager, neat and well written project plan, detailing each team member duties, schedules, time frames, progressive reports of phase-wise project   completion, must be prepared in advance by choosing one of the best project development model,   which offers a complete set of work schedules for   project management. Periodical meetings with team members, senior members, committee members, would enable a clear picture about project progress and also ensures corrective measures if there were any mistakes while executing projects.   Therefore the role of a project manger is that of hub in a wheel who is a driving force behind completion of projects in time, although it is a hard-labored job of dealing issues beginning from workforce to senior managers. Salary range and benefits A project manager is highly paid and rewarded with maximum benefits.   For instance an IT Project Manager in Florida receives low $60,454,   typical 71,897 and high $ 85,708, according to PayScale Salary calculator. This provides a fact that an IT Project Manager holds a very responsible position in a company with great responsibilities which is why, an attractive pay packet along with benefits such as holiday package, bonus payment and allowances are available for an IT Project Manager. Education and experience requirements For an IT Project Manager, a thorough and professional knowledge both theoretical and practical is required in systems administration and an award of IT Certification is further beneficial in getting the job in an easy process and especially if IT certification is specific in products, vendors and tasks, there is more opportunities for easy entry into the companies. Apart from certification regular reference with IT books,   practical experiences also add up the ability to produce effective results. Small and medium sized businesses are also opting for IT managers who are both qualified and experienced therefore, career opportunities in IT Project Managers are good for the present and for the future and with this supporting and evidencing fact,   career makers can avail this opportunity in mastering project manager certification and experience and be seated in a multinational company or an SME as a professionally qualified Project Manager. For a project manager, each day of working would provide a new working experience and adds to the field of experience whether it is in IT, consumer or a construction company.   The role of responsibility played by a project manager leads to a different working experience which varies from company to company.   Each company has certain limitations, expectations and specific duties and responsibility for a project manager and while considering the appointment, the candidate has to carefully examine, understand and analyse whether a justice to the specifications of job can be met with and only then accept appointment.   A clear SWOT analysis has to be made by a project manager before joining a company. Part 2 Interview Questions Interviews questions have to be quite professional, analytical and creative oriented such that the collective abilities of candidate both   academic, work experience and creativity must be calculated at the time of interview which produces an overall picture of candidate and further enables the interviewer to rate the candidate as Merit, First class, Second class or average Project Manager. The presentation skills,   body language, etiquette and code of dress are all added features   of a good project manager and companies look no further before selecting a right candidate. It is important for the candidates to give no impressive replies whereas produce answers in the right direction, right attitude with complacency. The following interview questions for the job of project manager are pre-meditated   : Ques.1   How do you evaluate yourself as a successful Project Manager? Ques 2   Were you encountered with heated situations which you solved technically and professionally with your own pursuance with   project team? Ques. 3   In the event of unmanageable situation, what is the first thing that you ever take up to do?   In order to reach a manageable solution for completion of a project. Ques. 4   Do you attribute your success of project completion to you personally or to the company   you work/worked for? Ques 5. What are elements of a successful Project Manager ? Part 3 Probable answers expected from the candidate by the interviewer: Ans 1. Rate myself as reasonably good project manager so far, as the projects handled by me are limited to a period of five years work experience wherein, there were no lacunae areas or unsatisfied results throughout the period of project management.   Senior management was content with the way the company’s projects were executed in a quite professional manner along with coordinators and co-workers.   As project manager, believe in encouraging team spirit and motivation which are driving force for speedy delivery of projects within time schedule. Ans.2   There were numerous situations, which were resolved without intervention of any senior member, by implementing and using skills, technical aspects, moral and social aspects which came to a halt in clearing confused areas while working.   This certainly necessitates extra flow of energy and checking of mindset of each individual as to what the other end is looking for and how important it is to satisfy workers or pacify emotions which reach to   high   levels in uncompromising status.   For that matter any situation has only two sides either positive or negative and these have to be handled respectively and cleared for moving ahead with work. Ans 3. Unmanageable situation do occur and personally never get carried away or loose temperament and instead sip a cup of coffee and draw / design a plan in five minutes and get back to the situation   and resolve without further delay.   Piling up of complex situations bring down the progress and slows the down the delivery of projects.     Therefore any hurdles that are encountered with, have to be faced practically and derive solutions without wasting time as one of the main aspects of project management is time management. Ans 4. Company provides authority, reputation and goodwill to Project Manager with an expectation that project manager would perform at a merit level and pays a good salary. Companies believe and trust Project Managers which is an intangible asset for the companies and project managers avail those good opportunities of projects and gain recognition by delivering projects within framework.   Therefore companies have to receive first hand acclamation and thereafter the second half of success belongs to project manager with the fact that skills, potential abilities and work experience were implemented in execution of projects. Ans 5. The first element of a successful project is scope of delivery whether it is in boardroom, videoconference   room or an auditorium with a question â€Å"what are we delivering?†Ã‚   and â€Å"what we are not delivering?†.   The second element is time, the third element is cost, the fourth element is quality and   fifth element is risk.   A project manager must collectively use all these five elements in order to deliver a successful project. The above interview questions were to be answered by an interviewee, a moderate, reasonable with brief description and presentation of answers would be made, with the fact that,   excessive flow of jargon may spoil or may lower the selection process. Everything that is said or written has to be brief, to the point and concise. In other words, usage of correct English, good selection of diction and appropriately spoken would be noble and impresses the interviewer. All kind of interviews may not be similar as it differs from company to company and it requires preparation before attending an interview and keep an update of interview skills and quality paper presentation.   Especially these globalised times, job opportunities for project managers are vast wherein talent pool is in great need and whoever matches with the perfect quality, proves lucky enough in reaping good awards of job placement apart from a winsome salary package and benefits. Conclusion Before opting for any career or job placement, a complete criteria of requisite academics, work experience and skills have to be met with by the candidate in order to perform in the course of employment.

Development of the Colonies essays

Development of the Colonies essays With the Middle Ages in its prime years, Europe remained a fairly unadventurous civilization from 500-1500 A.D. With subsistence farming prevailing and commerce being limited, merchants keep their affairs fairly domestic, failing to consider their international capabilities. But as Europe gradually became more mercantilistic and religious discontent raged, Europeans were motivated to migrate to America and colonize lands in the New World. Despite the fact that the regions of New England and Chesapeake were both colonized by settlers of English origin, by 1700 these lands had developed into two very idiosyncratic civilizations, each one having characteristics unique unto itself. The Chesapeake region, comprised of Jamestown and Maryland, was settled mainly by poor people who needed jobs and were in search of a better life. From the start, problems arose in the Chesapeake region settlements, such as land that was not easy to cultivate- a formidable challenge. Because of their experience in Ireland, the English kept the societies of the natives and that of the settlers separated. The settlements of the Chesapeake region were business enterprises, which were financed by private companies that expected to make a profit off of them. These factors just mentioned would be the backbone of life in the Chesapeake region, forming the basis around which the settlement would develop. The majority of the people bound for Jamestown were young men, some of which were in search of money; others were simply looking for a better life (Doc. C). With money being one of the major goals of the settlers of Jamestown, John Smith observed that many of the settlers of Jamestow n were so obsessed with getting rich off of the voyage that all they could do was think about, talk about, and work for gold. He himself called it disgustful (Doc. F). Along with these men came Captain John Smith, who founded the settlement of Jamestown in 1607....

The IASB at a Crossroads Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The IASB at a Crossroads - Assignment Example IFRS ensures high quality standards in financial reporting of financial statements globally by promoting transparency, accountability and integrity in financial reporting. High quality financial reports enable the making of effective decisions IFRS decreases the cost of capital and provides institutional investors with the ability to make well-informed decisions by comparing investment portfolio. Companies trading in the stock market are required to comply with IFRS. IFRS helps to reduce information asymmetry and reduces transaction costs thus reducing the cost of capital. This helps attract Foreign Direct Investments. IFRS also promotes better management control systems. Despite the benefits adoption of IFRS faces quite a number of challenges. There is lack of public awareness on the use of IFRS and its benefits to regulatory authorities and investors. This is because of lack of information on IFRS. There is chronic shortage of competent professionals in some countries especially developing countries to implement IFRS. Most of these countries still use previous accounting practices which IFRS is phasing out. The IASB is ambiguous in its requirement on the adoption of IFRS globally. For instance, the less developed countries would simply adopt the standards without putting in appropriate legislative measures. A few industry players would adopt IFRS and yet the country would be registered as an adopter of IFRS. The IASB can promote updating of academic curricula in universities and training institutions across the world in order to raise public awareness on the use of IFRS and raise competent professionals who can implement IFRS. IASB can continuously publish pronouncements and embark on capacity building programs on IFRS to provide more information to investors and regulatory

Common Inspection Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Common Inspection Framework - Essay Example In conclusion and summary I will suggest how this framework has helped improve or consolidate standards within the educational system and what other features could be incorporated within the framework for future improvement of educational standards. In the process I will discuss whether the framework is essentially a hindrance or is an asset to the educational system. Policy- Common Inspection Framework: The Common Inspection Framework has been introduced by the government and department of education to check and improve the quality and standards of education and to provide insights on the educational system in matters related to training and financial resources. Inspection of educational system helps to understand how the system is working and is almost essential for providing regular appraisals of workings and functioning of the system. According to the Common Inspection Framework, the main purposes of inspection are to: (from Common Inspection Framework, ALI and Ofsted, 2001) - give an independent public account of the quality of education and training, the standards achieved and the efficiency with which resources are managed - help bring about improvement by identifying strengths and weaknesses and highlighting good practice - keep the Secretary of State, the Learning and Skills Council for England and the Employment Service informed about the quality and standards of education and training - promote a culture of self-assessment among providers, leading to continuous improvement or maintenance of very high quality and standards. (from Common Inspection Framework, ALI and Ofsted, 2001) The three main purposes of inspection are thus to give an account of... This discussion stresses that the policy and its establishment, the connections of the policy with college education and the brief literature review that should be aimed during the search process for this article are discussed in the introductory stage of the analysis. The policy is then described and the changes made to date as well as the policy as it now stands are considered in the initial part of the discussion showing how the policy differs at present from its original version. The differences within the policy as seen in its earlier version and present version are studied to provide a better understanding of the meaning and influence of all aspects of the policy within education.From this paper it is clear that the three main purposes of inspection are thus to give an account of the quality of education followed, to identify strengths and weaknesses of educational systems and show room for improvement, and to promote self assessment and higher standards within the educational settings. Inspection seem to be generally associated with the results of what has been evaluated and how the findings are presented and also hw inspections are carried out. The key questions delineated by the Common Inspection Framework are the following.  The Common Inspection Framework helps in evaluating how efficient or effective the provisions and related services are in meeting all of learner’s needs and also suggests the steps that have to be taken to improve the learning provisions provided.